1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 TRUSTEES ON BEHALF OF GENERAL Case No. 24-cv-04500-KAW

EMPLOYEES TRUST FUND,

8 Plaintiff, REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION 9 RE MOTION FOR DEFAULT v. JUDGMENT; ORDER ASSIGNING 10 CASE TO DISTRICT JUDGE

ALEPH MAINTENANCE, INC.,

11 Re: Dkt. No. 63 Defendant. 12 13 On July 25, 2024, Plaintiff Trustees on Behalf of General Employees Trust Fund filed the 14 instant case against Defendant Aleph Maintenance, Inc., alleging violations of the Employee 15 Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”). (Compl., Dkt. No. 1.) Pending before the Court is 16 Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment, in which Plaintiff seeks unpaid contributions and 17 associated interest, liquidated damages, audit fees, and attorney’s fees and costs. (Mot. for Default 18 J. at 1, Dkt. No. 63-1.) Defendant has not formally appeared in this case, and default was entered 19 on August 8, 2025. (Dkt. No. 60.) 20 On November 20, 2025, the Court held a hearing, but Defendant did not appear. (Dkt. No. 21 69.) Since Defendant, by virtue of being in default, has not consented to magistrate judge 22 jurisdiction, the Court REASSIGNS this action to a district judge with the RECOMMENDATION 23 that Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment be GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. 24 I. BACKGROUND 25 Plaintiff is the fiduciary of General Employees Trust Fund (“Trust Fund”), an employee 26 benefit plan within the meaning of 29 U.S.C. §§ 1002, 1132(a)(3), and 1132(d). (First Amended 27 Compl. (“FAC”) ¶ 4, Dkt. No. 48.) From May 1, 2016 to April 30, 2024, Defendant was a 1 collective bargaining agreement (“CBA”) with the Service Employees International Union, United 2 Service Workers West (the “Union”), located in Alameda and Los Angeles, California. (FAC ¶ 9; 3 Schechter Decl., Exhs. 5-B (“2016-2020 CBA”) & 5-C (“2020-2024 CBA”), Dkt. No. 63-2.) 4 The CBAs require an employer to make health and welfare contributions to the Trust Fund 5 on behalf of its covered employees. (FAC ¶ 9; 2016-2020 CBA at Art. XIII; 2020-2024 CBA at 6 Art. XIII.) The CBAs further require an employer to comply with the Trust Agreement. (2016- 7 2020 CBA ¶ 13.2; 2020-2024 CBA ¶ 13.2.) The Trust Agreement, in turn, provides that unpaid 8 contributions are subject to simple interest of 7% per annum, as well as liquidated damages of 9 20% if the contributions are still unpaid as of the initiation of litigation. (Schechter Decl., Exh. 5- 10 A (“Trust Agreement”) §§ 8.05, 8.06(b).) The Trust Agreement also permits audits of employer 11 records, and requires that the employer pay for the audit if they fail to provide the required 12 documents. (Trust Agreement § 8.13(c).) Finally, the Trust Agreement provides for the payment 13 of attorney’s fees, costs, and audit fees should litigation be required to enforce collection. (Trust 14 Agreement § 8.07.) 15 On October 9, 2023, the Trust Fund’s auditor requested in writing that Defendant provide 16 payroll records for the period of January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2023, as well as complete 17 a pre-audit questionnaire. (FAC ¶ 19.) Defendant did not respond. (FAC ¶ 19.) Thereafter, 18 Plaintiff’s counsel made multiple written demands that Defendant provide the requested records to 19 the Trust Fund’s auditor, to which Defendant failed to respond. (FAC ¶ 20.) 20 On July 25, 2024, Plaintiff originally filed this case to compel Defendant to comply with 21 an audit for the period of January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2023. (Compl. ¶¶ 13, 24.) On 22 August 7, 2024, Plaintiff served Defendant by personally serving Defendant’s registered agent for 23 service. (Dkt. No. 7.) After Defendant failed to respond, Plaintiff requested entry of default on 24 August 28, 2024. (Dkt. No. 8.) On September 5, 2024, the Clerk entered default as to Defendant. 25 (Dkt. No. 9.) 26 On September 20, 2024, Plaintiff filed a motion for default judgment. (Dkt. No. 11.) On 27 November 7, 2024, the Court held a hearing on Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment, at which 1 included Defendant providing the requested records to Plaintiff’s auditor. (See FAC ¶ 22; Dkt. 2 Nos. 23, 26, 30.) 3 On February 26, 2025, Plaintiff’s auditor sent a copy of the preliminary audit report to 4 Defendant, which identified $14,344.34 in underpaid contributions. (FAC ¶ 23.) Defendant did 5 not dispute the findings. (FAC ¶ 24.) On March 14, 2025, Plaintiff’s counsel sent a copy of the 6 final audit report to Defendant, and requested payment of $14,344.34 in underpaid contributions, 7 $1,434.43 in liquidated damages, $2,303.10 in interest, and $1,290 in audit testing fees, as well as 8 attorney’s fees and costs. (FAC ¶ 25.) Although the parties attempted to negotiate the matter, 9 Defendant ultimately failed to make any of the payments owed. (FAC ¶ 26.) 10 On June 5, 2025, Plaintiff filed the operative complaint, seeking the underpaid 11 contributions, liquidated damages, interest, audit fees, and attorney’s fees and costs. On June 10, 12 2025, Plaintiff personally served Defendant’s agent for service with the complaint. (Dkt. No. 53.) 13 On June 26, 2025, Plaintiff sought entry of default; default was declined, however, because 21 14 days had not elapsed since service and no summons had been returned as executed. (Dkt. Nos. 54, 15 55.) After Plaintiff obtained new summons, Plaintiff again personally served Defendant’s agent 16 for service with the complaint on July 11, 2025. (Dkt. No. 58.) On August 5, 2025, Plaintiff 17 sought entry of default. (Dkt. No. 59.) On August 8, 2025, default was entered as to Defendant. 18 (Dkt. No. 60.) 19 On September 18, 2025, Plaintiff filed the instant motion for default judgment. Plaintiff 20 served the motion on Defendant. (Dkt. No. 63-5.) On October 9, 2025, Plaintiff served its 21 proposed order on Defendant. (Dkt. No. 66 at 11.) To date, Defendant has neither appeared nor 22 filed an opposition to Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment. 23 II. LEGAL STANDARD 24 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(b)(2) permits a court to enter a final judgment in a case 25 following a defendant’s default. Shanghai Automation Instrument Co. v. Kuei, 194 F. Supp. 2d 26 995, 999 (N.D. Cal. 2001). Whether to enter a judgment lies within the court’s discretion. Id. at 27 999 (citing Draper v. Coombs, 792 F.2d 915, 924-25 (9th Cir. 1986)). 1 matter jurisdiction over the case and personal jurisdiction over the parties, as well as ensure the 2 adequacy of service on the defendant. See In re Tuli, 172 F.3d 707, 712 (9th Cir. 1999). If the 3 court finds these elements satisfied, it turns to the following factors (“the Eitel factors”) to 4 determine whether it should grant a default judgment:

5 (1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff, (2) the merits of plaintiff’s substantive claim, (3) the sufficiency of the complaint, (4) 6 the sum of money at stake in the action[,] (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts[,] (6) whether the default was due 7 to excusable neglect, and (7) the strong policy underlying the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure favoring decision on the merits. 8 9 Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1471-72 (9th Cir. 1986) (citation omitted). In this analysis, “the 10 well-pleaded allegations of the complaint relating to a defendant’s liability are taken as true.” 11 Pepsico, Inc. v. Cal. Sec. Cans, 238 F. Supp. 2d 1172, 1175 (C.D. Cal. 2002) (citing Televideo 12 Sys., Inc. v. Heidenthal, 826 F.2d 915, 917-18 (9th Cir. 1987)). Nevertheless, default does not 13 compensate for essential facts not within the pleadings and those legally insufficient to prove a 14 claim. Cripps v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 980 F.2d 1261, 1267 (9th Cir. 1992). 15 III. DISCUSSION 16 A. Jurisdiction and Service of Process 17 In considering whether to enter default judgment, a district court must first determine 18 whether it has jurisdiction over the subject matter and the parties to the case. In re Tuli, 172 F.3d 19 707, 712 (9th Cir. 1999). 20 i. Subject Matter Jurisdiction 21 In this action, Plaintiff asserts claims to enforce the terms of their Agreements and to 22 enforce provisions of ERISA. This Court has subject-matter jurisdiction pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 23 1132, which provides that plan fiduciaries can bring civil actions to enforce the terms of the plan. 24 Further, jurisdiction exists in this Court over all claims by virtue of the Labor Management 25 Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 141 et seq. (“LMRA”), specifically 29 U.S.C. § 185, as Plaintiff seeks 26 to enforce the terms and conditions of a collective bargaining agreement. 27 ii. Personal Jurisdiction 1 The Court can exercise personal jurisdiction over Defendant pursuant to ERISA § 2 502(e)(2). Under § 502(e)(2), an action may be brought against a defendant:

3 … in the district where the plan is administered, where the breach took place, or where a defendant resides or may be found, and 4 process may be served in any other district where a defendant resides or may be found. 5 6 29 U.S.C. § 1132(e)(2); Cripps v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 980 F.2d 1261 (9th Cir. 1992); Schuett v. 7 FedEx Corporation Retirement Appeals Comm., 2015 WL 4484153, at *5 (N.D. Cal. July 22, 8 2015) (“service on a defendant in an ERISA case anywhere in the United States is sufficient to 9 establish personal jurisdiction, and there is no need to engage in the ‘minimum contacts’ 10 analysis”) (emphasis added); Action Embroidery Corp. v. Atl. Embroidery, Inc., 368 F.3d 1174, 11 1180 (9th Cir. 2004). 12 Venue is conferred upon this court by ERISA § 502, 29 U.S.C. § 1132. Where an action is 13 brought under § 502 in a district court of the United States, it may be brought at Plaintiff’s 14 discretion, in the district where the plan is administered, where the breach took place, or where a 15 defendant resides or may be found. Here, the relevant CBAs were with the Union, located in 16 Alameda and Los Angeles, California. (FAC ¶ 9.) Because the acts and/or omissions alleged 17 herein arose in the County of Alameda, this matter is properly assigned to this district. 18 iii. Service of Process 19 A domestic corporation may be served by delivering a copy of the summons and the 20 complaint to the agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process. Fed. R. 21 Civ. P. 4(h)(1)(B). Here, Plaintiff personally served the summons and complaint on Defendant’s 22 registered agent. (Dkt. No. 58.) After Defendant failed to answer the complaint, default was 23 entered by the Clerk’s Office on August 8, 2025. (Dkt. No. 60.) 24 B. Application to the case at bar 25 Since the Court has jurisdiction in this matter, this Court must turn to the Eitel factors to 26 determine whether the entering of a default judgment is appropriate in this matter. 27 i. Prejudice to Plaintiff 1 Plaintiff’s motion would leave them without a remedy. Bd. of Trustees of U.A. Local No. 159 2 Health & Welfare Trust Fund v. RT/DT, Inc., C 12-05111 JSW, 2013 WL 2237871 at *4 (N.D. 3 Cal. May 21, 2013). Plaintiff would, therefore, be prejudiced if the Court did not enter default 4 judgment. 5 ii. Merits of Plaintiff’s Claims and the Sufficiency of the Complaint 6 The second and third Eitel factors focus on the merits of Plaintiff’s substantive claim and 7 the sufficiency of the Complaint. Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471-72. A party seeking default judgment 8 must state a valid claim upon which it may recover. Walters v. Statewide Concrete Barrier, Inc., 9 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 49433, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 2, 2005). 10 Here, Defendant entered into the CBAs, which required Defendant to make health and 11 welfare contributions to the Trust Fund on behalf of its covered employees. (2016-2020 CBA at 12 Art. XIII; 2020-2024 CBA at Art. XIII.) The CBAs further require an employer to comply with 13 the Trust Agreement. (2016-2020 CBA ¶ 13.2; 2020-2024 CBA ¶ 13.2.) Defendant has failed to 14 pay the contributions found owed by an audit of Defendant’s records. (FAC ¶ 26.) Thus, the 15 Court finds that Plaintiff has sufficiently stated a claim for relief under ERISA. 16 iii. Sum of Money at Stake 17 The fourth Eitel factor assesses the reasonableness of the potential award if a default 18 judgment is entered. In making this assessment, the Court must take into account the amount of 19 money at stake in relation to the seriousness of Defendant’s conduct. Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471. If 20 the sum of money at issue is reasonably proportionate to the harm caused by Defendant’s actions, 21 properly documented, and contractually justified, then default judgment is warranted. Bd. of Trs. 22 of Cal. Metal Trades v. Pitchometer Propeller, 1997 WL 797922, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 15, 23 1997). A default judgment is only disfavored when a large amount of money is involved or is 24 unreasonable in light of Defendant’s actions. Truong Giang Corp. v. Twinstar Tea Corp., 2007 25 WL 1545173, at *12 (N.D. Cal. May 29, 2007). In determining if the amount at stake is 26 reasonable, the Court may consider a plaintiff’s declarations, calculations, and other 27 documentation of damages. Id. 1 damages of $2,868.87, interest in the amount of $2,554.13, audit testing fees in the amount of 2 $1,290.00, attorney’s fees in the amount of $26,970.00, and costs in the amount of $2,057.13. 3 (Mot. for Default J. at 10.) After some adjustments as discussed below, the Court concludes that 4 the amount sought is reasonable because it is based on the contractual terms of the CBAs and 5 Trust Agreements, which Defendants agreed to and under which Defendants are now liable. 6 Accordingly, this factor weighs in favor of default judgment. 7 iv. The Possibility of a Dispute Concerning Material Facts 8 The fifth Eitel factor considers the possibility of dispute as to any material facts of the 9 case. Although Defendant informally appeared in this action, Defendant has not made any attempt 10 to contest any of Plaintiff’s material facts or legal assertions or moved to set aside the entry of 11 default. Thus, the possibility of a dispute regarding Defendant’s liability for damages is unlikely. 12 Thus, this factor weighs in favor of default judgment. 13 v. Whether Default was a Result of Excusable Neglect 14 The sixth Eitel factor contemplates the possibility that Defendant’s default was the result 15 of excusable neglect. Under this analysis, the Court considers whether Defendant was put on 16 adequate notice to apprise it of the pendency of the action brought against it. Phillip Morris USA, 17 Inc. v. Castworld Prod., Inc., 219 F.R.D. 494, 500 (C.D. Cal. 2003). In addition, the Court also 18 considers whether the circumstances surrounding Defendant’s failure to answer the complaint are 19 sufficient to excuse or justify its default. Shanghai Automation Instrument Co. v. Kuei, 194 F. 20 Supp. 2d 995, 1005 (N.D. Cal. 2001) (default cannot be attributed to excusable neglect where 21 defendants were properly served with the complaint, the notice of entry of default, and the papers 22 in support thereof). 23 Here, Defendant clearly knows about the action, as Defendant appeared at the hearing on 24 the initial motion for default judgment. (See Dkt. No. 22.) Defendant then participated in the 25 audit and attempted to settle the case, which apparently failed due to Defendant’s insistence that it 26 would only pay via credit card. (Dkt. Nos. 30, 45.) After the complaint was amended, Defendant 27 was personally served with the complaint and summons. (Dkt. No. 58.) Defendant has also been 1 in this action. (Dkt. Nos. 61, 63-5.) Consequently, there is nothing to suggest that Defendant’s 2 failure to appear and litigate this matter is based on excusable neglect. 3 vi. Federal Rules Preference for a Decision on the Merits 4 After an examination of these facts in the aggregate, this Court finds that Eitel factors one 5 through six outweigh the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure’s preference for a decision on the 6 merits. The Court therefore recommends that default judgment be granted. 7 IV. DAMAGES AND INJUNCTIVE RELIEF 8 After entry of default, well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint are taken as true, 9 except as to the amount of damages. Fair Hous. of Marin v. Combs, 285 F.3d 899, 906 (9th Cir. 10 2002). To recover damages after securing a default judgment, a plaintiff must prove the relief it 11 seeks through testimony or written affidavit. Bd. of Trs. of the Boilermaker Vacation Trust v. 12 Skelly, Inc., 389 F. Supp. 2d 1222, 1226 (N.D. Cal. 2005); see Pepsico, Inc., 238 F. Supp. 2d at 13 1175 (citing Televideo Sys., Inc., 826 F.2d at 917-18). 14 A. Contributions 15 29 U.S.C. § 1145 provides that every employer who is obligated to make contributions 16 under a collective bargaining agreement shall make them in accordance with the terms of such 17 agreement. When a benefit plan wins a judgment in an action to enforce § 1145, § 1132 provides 18 that the plan is entitled to unpaid contributions, interest thereon, reasonable attorney’s fees and 19 costs, and “an amount equal to the greater of” the “interest on the unpaid contributions” or 20 liquidated damages as specified in the plan. The liquidated damages provision, as set forth in § 21 1132(g)(2)(C), applies when: (1) the fiduciary obtains a judgment in favor of the plan; (2) unpaid 22 contributions exist at the time of suit; and (3) the plan provides for liquidated damages. Idaho 23 Plumbers & Pipefitters Health & Welfare Fund v. United Mech. Contractors, Inc., 875 F.2d 212, 24 215 (9th Cir. 1989). Statutory liquidated damages are mandatory where factors (1)-(3) above are 25 satisfied. Id. at 215. 26 Here, per the audit, Defendant has failed to pay contributions of $14,344.34. (Schechter 27 Decl., Exh. 5-D, Dkt. No. 63-2.) Thus, Plaintiff is entitled to $14.344.34 in unpaid contributions. 1 B. Liquidated Damages 2 An award of liquidated damages under § 1132(g)(2) is “mandatory and not discretionary.” 3 Operating Eng’rs Pension Trust v. Beck Eng’g & Surveying Co., 746 F.2d 557, 569 (9th 4 Cir.1984). A plaintiff is entitled to a mandatory award under § 1132(g)(2) if the following 5 requirements are met: (1) the employer must be delinquent at the time the action is filed; (2) the 6 district court must enter a judgment against the employer; and (3) the plan must provide for such 7 an award. Nw. Adm’rs, Inc. v. Albertson’s, Inc., 104 F.3d 253, 257 (9th Cir. 1996). Any 8 liquidated damages provided in a trust agreement cannot be in excess of 20% of the amount of 9 unpaid contributions. 29 U.S.C. § 1132(g)(2)(C)(ii). 10 Here, Plaintiff has satisfied the requirements for an award of liquidated damages under § 11 1132(g)(2). First, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant was delinquent in making their contractually 12 obligated payment contributions. (FAC ¶ 26.) Second, the Trust Agreements authorize the award 13 of liquidated damages. (FAC ¶ 14.) Pursuant to the terms of the Trust Agreements, liquidated 14 damages are calculated at 10% of the delinquent contributions prior to litigation and 20% after 15 litigation has been initiated. (FAC ¶ 14; Trust Agreement § 8.06(b).) 16 Because Defendants have unpaid contributions, Plaintiffs are entitled to liquidated 17 damages of 20%. This amounts to $2,868.87. 18 C. Interest 19 Plaintiff seeks $2,554.13 in interest on the unpaid contributions. (Mot. for Default J. at 20 10.) Section 1132(g)(2) permits a plan fiduciary to collect interest on all delinquent contributions 21 once they have prevailed on a § 1145 claim. 29 U.S.C. § 1132(g)(2). 22 Interest accrues at simple interest of 7% per annum from the date that the contributions 23 were due until paid. (FAC ¶ 12; Trust Agreement § 8.05.) Per the audit, Plaintiff is entitled to this 24 amount. (See Schechter Decl., Exh. 5-E.) 25 D. Audit Fees 26 Plaintiff seeks $1,290.00 in audit testing fees. The Trust Agreement provides for the 27 payment of audit fees should litigation be required to enforce collection. (Trust Agreement § 1 E. Attorney’s Fees and Costs 2 Section 1132(g) of ERISA requires the Court to award plaintiffs “reasonable attorneys’ 3 fees and costs of the action” when plaintiffs obtain a judgment in their favor or otherwise obtain 4 the relief sought. 29 U.S.C. § 1132 (g)(2)(D); Nw. Adm’rs, Inc., 104 F.3d at 253, 258. Similarly, 5 the Trust Agreement provides that Defendant must reimburse Plaintiff for attorney’s fees, audit 6 fees, costs, and all other expenses incurred in connection with the collection of delinquent 7 contributions. (Trust Agreement § 8.07.) 8 Here, Plaintiff seeks reimbursement of attorney’s fees of $26,970.00 and costs of 9 $2,057.13, as supported by a declaration from Plaintiff’s counsel. (Mot. for Default J. at 9.) 10 1. Costs 11 Plaintiff seeks reimbursement of costs in the amount of $2,057.13. (Schechter Decl., Exh. 12 2.) Costs were incurred for the filing fees and multiple attempts at service of the complaint, as 13 well as Pacer costs. (Schechter Decl., Exh. 2.) 14 The Court finds that these costs are reasonable except for the June 5, 2025 ($228.12) and 15 June 6, 2025 ($282.15) costs for service. These costs appear to be related to service on June 6 and 16 10, 2025, in which Plaintiff failed to properly serve Defendant with a summons. (See Dkt. Nos. 17 51, 53.) Plaintiff will not be compensated for service that was done in error. Costs for other 18 service that was proper, including on July 11, 2025, is compensable. 19 Accordingly, the Court finds Plaintiff is entitled to $1,546.86 in costs. 20 2. Attorney’s Fees Incurred 21 Under ERISA § 1132(g)(2), fee awards are mandatory, but courts should consider the 22 reasonableness of these fees. Kemmis v. McGoldrick, 706 F.2d 993, 997-98 (9th Cir.1983) (stating 23 that § 1132(g)(2) “makes the award of attorney’s fees mandatory when the trustees prevail in 24 actions to enforce and collect benefit fund contributions”). The Ninth Circuit has articulated five 25 factors that should be considered in determining reasonable attorney fees: (1) the degree of the 26 opposing parties’ culpability or bad faith; (2) the ability of the opposing parties to satisfy an award 27 of fees; (3) whether an award of fees against the opposing parties would deter others from acting 1 participants and beneficiaries of an ERISA plan or to resolve a significant legal question regarding 2 ERISA; and (5) the relative merits of the parties’ positions. Hummell v. S.E. Rykoff & Co., 634 3 F.2d 446, 453 (9th Cir. 1980). These factors are intended to guide the court in its discretion, but 4 none of the factors are dispositive; any combination can support an award of fees. Credit 5 Managers Ass’n of S. Cal. v. Kennesaw Life & Acc. Ins. Co., 25 F.3d 743, 749 (9th Cir. 1994). 6 Here, the award of attorney’s fees would deter other employers from becoming delinquent 7 on employee contributions because fees can add greatly to the amount of unpaid contributions. An 8 award of fees further encourages employers to be more diligent in their record keeping and prompt 9 with their payment. Further, Plaintiff’s claim has been adequately supported and the merits of their 10 position are well-grounded. Accordingly, the Court finds that the above factors weigh in favor of 11 awarding attorney’s fees. 12 Once fees under ERISA are awarded, the court must calculate the lodestar amount to 13 assess the reasonableness of attorney’s fees. Credit Managers Ass’n of S. Cal., 25 F.3d at 750. 14 The lodestar amount is determined by “multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended on 15 the litigation by a reasonable hourly rate.” Id. (internal quotations omitted). In awarding 16 attorney’s fees, courts must look to the prevailing market rates in the relevant community. Bell v. 17 Clackamas Cnty., 341 F.3d 858, 860 (9th Cir. 2003). 18 a. Reasonableness of the Hourly Billing Rate 19 To determine the appropriate lodestar amount, the reasonableness of the hourly billing rate 20 must be assessed. Credit Managers Ass’n of S. Cal., 25 F.3d at 750. In doing so, the court must 21 look to the prevailing market rates in the relevant community for similar work by attorneys of 22 comparable skill, experience, and reputation. Camacho v. Bridgeport Fin., Inc., 523 F.3d 973, 979 23 (9th Cir.2008). Generally, the relevant community is the forum where the district court sits. Id. 24 Here, Plaintiff’s claimed hourly rate range is $300 per hour. (Schechter Decl. ¶ 8.) 25 Plaintiff’s hourly rates are within the range found reasonable in ERISA actions by other judges in 26 the Northern District. See, e.g., Bd. of Trustees v. Diversified Concrete Cutting, Inc., No. 17-CV- 27 06938-MEJ, 2018 WL 3241040, at *7 (N.D. Cal. July 3, 2018), report and recommendation 1 California v. Diversified Concrete Cutting, Inc., No. 17-CV-06938-RS, 2018 WL 4775429 (N.D. 2 Cal. July 27, 2018) (finding hourly rates of $345 reasonable in ERISA case). Considering the 3 experience of counsel, the Court finds that the hourly rates are reasonable and consistent with the 4 prevailing market rates in the Northern District. 5 b. Reasonableness of the Hours Billed 6 Next, the Court considers the reasonableness of the hours billed. To assess whether the 7 number of hours billed is reasonable, Plaintiff must submit detailed records justifying the hours 8 that have been expended. Chalmers v. City of Los Angeles, 796 F.2d 1205, 1210 (9th Cir. 1986). 9 After reviewing counsel’s declaration and the billing records detailing the tasks completed 10 and time spent in this matter, the Court has significant concerns that there is substantial 11 overbilling. For example, Plaintiff has multiple entries dedicated to generic entries such as 12 “Review court docket” and “Review status of litigation matter,” even though no active litigation 13 was occurring outside of Plaintiff’s filings (as Defendant was in default). Plaintiff’s counsel also 14 claimed 8.9 hours to prepare a 9-page proposed order on the original motion for default judgment, 15 even though a substantial portion was almost identical to the motion for default judgment. 16 (Compare Dkt. No. 11-1 at 3-4 with Dkt. No. 18 at 3-4; Dkt. No. 11-1 at 5-7 with Dkt. No. 18 at 4- 17 6.) Other entries reflect time disproportionately spent on simple tasks, including multiple entries 18 spending .2 to .3 hours to review one-sentence long text-only entries or a Clerk’s Notice setting a 19 hearing for Zoom, as well as over an hour spent on two to three-paragraph status reports. 20 Additionally, as above, Plaintiff’s counsel seeks attorney’s fees related to the improper service of 21 the amended complaint, as well as seeking entry of default (which was not only based on the 22 improper service, but was filed before the 21-day responsive pleading deadline had elapsed). 23 Accordingly, the Court includes a chart of the recommended reductions. Date: Entry: Time Deduction: Explanation: 24 Claimed: 25 8/13/24 Review file and docket .2 .2 Non-compensable regarding upcoming administrative task. CNC 26 deadlines. Software, Ltd. Liab. Co. v. Glob. Eng'g Ltd. Liab. Co., 27 No. 22-cv-02488-EMC, 83880, at *26 (N.D. Cal. 1 May 12, 2023) (reducing 2 time spent for clerical tasks including 3 calendaring) 8/30/24 Review court docket. .1 .1 Lacks specificity. 4 9/5/24 Review status of .2 .2 Lacks specificity. litigation. 5 9/9/24 Review status of .3 .3 Lacks specificity. 6 litigation matter. 9/25/24 Review status of .3 .3 Lacks specificity. 7 litigation matter. 10/1/24- Prepare, revise, and 8.9 7.4 8.9 hours to prepare 8 10/10/24 finalize proposed proposed order that 9 judgment included substantial copying and pasting from 10 motion and was substantively similar is 11 unreasonable. 10/2/24 Review status of pending .3 .3 Lacks specificity. No 12 default judgment matter. filings since 9/23/24. 13 10/18/24 Review Notice from .2 .1 1-sentence, text-only entry court regarding Case vacating case management 14 Management conference. Conference. 15 10/18/24 Review status of .4 .4 Lacks specificity. litigation matter. 16 10/23/24 Review court docket. .1 .1 Lacks specificity. No 17 filings since 10/18/24. 11/1/24 Review Notice from .2 .1 Text-only entry including 18 court regarding hearing Zoom information for date. hearing. 19 11/27/24 Review status of .2 .2 Lacks specificity. 20 litigation matter. 1/7/25 Review status of .2 .2 Lacks specificity. 21 litigation matter. 1/9/25 Review status of .1 .1 Lacks specificity. 22 litigation matter. 23 1/27/25 Review status of .4 .4 Calendaring. No deadlines litigation deadlines. issued since 12/5/24 24 (covered by separate entry). 25 2/3/25 Review Clerks Notice .3 .3 Unclear; no clerk’s notice Regarding Case issued since 11/1/24. 26 Management Conference 27 and Plaintiff’s Status Report. order and new deadline. 1 4/8/25 Review status of .2 .2 Lacks specificity. 2 litigation matter. 5/2/25- Prepare/review further .9 .7 4-sentence status report. 3 5/3/25 status report Additional time spent on 5/5/25. 4 5/22/25- Prepare, review, revise 1.4 1.0 6-sentence status report. 5/23/25 status report 5 6/6/25 Review Proof of Service .3 .3 Improper service. 6 submitted by process server. 7 6/25/25 Prepare Request for .8 .8 Improper service. Entry of Default and 8 supporting Declaration. 9 6/30/25/25 Review notice from .2 .2 Improper service. court regarding request 10 for entry of default. 7/16/25 Email correspondence .5 .1 Non-compensable 11 with process server administrative task. regarding proof of Nadarajah v. Holder, 569 12 service; file proof of F.3d 906, 921 (9th Cir. 13 service 2009) (agreeing that the “filing, transcript, and 14 document organization time was clerical in nature 15 and should have been subsumed in firm 16 overhead rather than billed 17 at paralegal rates”). 7/31/25 Review docket updates. .4 .4 Lacks specificity. No 18 filings since Plaintiff’s 7/16 filing. 19 Total Reductions: 14.6 hours x $300 = $4,380.00 20 Thus, the Court finds a reduction of 14.6 hours ($4,380.00) is appropriate, leaving 21 $21,390.00 ($25,770.00-$4,380.00). In addition, given the considerable amount of overbilling 22 identified above, the Court also recommends that this total amount of attorney’s fees be reduced 23 by an additional 10%, or $2,139.00. See Moreno v. City of Sacramento, 534 F.3d 1106, 1112 (9th 24 Cir. 2008) (“the district court can impose a small reduction, no greater than 10 percent--a 25 ‘haircut’--based on its exercise of discretion and without a more specific explanation”). 26 Accordingly, the Court recommends that Plaintiff’s counsel be awarded $19,251.00 27 ($21,390.00-$2,1390.00). 1 V. CONCLUSION 2 For the reasons set forth above, the Court RECOMMENDS that Plaintiffs motion for 3 default judgment against Defendant bbe GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. The 4 || Court recommends that the following amounts be awarded: 5 Contributions: $14,344.34 6 Liquidated Damages: $2,868.87 7 Interest: $2,554.13 8 Audit Fees: $1,290.00 9 Attorney’s Fees: $19,251.00 10 Costs: $1,546.86 11 TOTAL: $41,855.20 12 Finally, no later than 3 days from the date of this report and recommendation, Plaintiff is 13 instructed to serve Defendant with a copy by any means reasonably calculated to provide actual 14 notice, and file proof of service to that effect. 3 15 Any party may file objections to these recommendations within 14 days of being served a 16 || with acopy. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b); See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b); N.D. Civil 3 17 L.R. 72-3. The parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may 18 || waive the right to appeal the District Court's order. IBEW Local 595 Trust Funds v. ACS Controls 19 || Corp., No. C-10-5568, 2011 WL 1496056, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 20, 2011). 20 IT IS SO RECOMMENDED. 21 Dated: November 28, 2025 .

23 United States Magistrate Judge 24 25 26 27 28