NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JAN 5 2026

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

CODY GAGE, No. 24-6900 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellant, 4:24-cv-05026-RMP v.

MEMORANDUM*

FRANK BISIGNANO, Commissioner of Social Security,

Defendant - Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington Rosanna Malouf Peterson, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted November 17, 2025** Seattle, Washington

Before: W. FLETCHER, PAEZ, and DESAI, Circuit Judges. Partial Concurrence by Judge DESAI.

Cody Gage (Gage) appeals the district court’s judgment affirming an

Administrative Law Judge’s (ALJ) denial of his application for disability insurance

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). benefits under Title II of the Social Security Act. We have jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1291. We reverse and remand.

“We may set aside a denial of benefits only if it is not supported by

substantial evidence or is based on legal error.” Robbins v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 466

F.3d 880, 882 (9th Cir. 2006). “We review only the reasons provided by the ALJ

in the disability determination and may not affirm the ALJ on a ground upon which

he did not rely.” Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1010 (9th Cir. 2014).

1. Medical Opinions of FNP Brenda Porco-Smith (Porco-Smith) and PA-C

Serenity Kelton (Kelton). For claims filed after March 2017, such as Gage’s,

“ALJs must explain how persuasive they find [a] medical opinion by expressly

considering the two most important factors for evaluating such opinions:

‘supportability’ and ‘consistency.’” Cross v. O’Malley, 89 F.4th 1211, 1214 (9th

Cir. 2024) (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(b)(2)).

The ALJ found the opinions of Porco-Smith and Kelton only partially

persuasive. Specifically, the ALJ was unpersuaded by their recommendations that

Gage be limited to two-to-four hours of sitting per day, one-to-two hours at a time.

The ALJ found that the sitting limitation recommended by Porco-Smith was not

supported by her physical exam, which “did not document any difficulties with

sitting” and “stated he had no pain with sitting.” As for consistency, the ALJ

2 24-6900 determined that “there is no evidence in treatment notes or consultative exams that

supported any difficulty with sitting to warrant those limitations.” Turning to

Kelton’s opinion, the ALJ found that it was not as well supported as other opinions

in the record and that the sitting limitation was inconsistent with the medical

evidence.

These findings rest on misstatements of the record. Both exams documented

Gage’s “mild difficulty” and “pain” while rising from his chair, walking to the

exam table, and getting on and off the exam table. While Porco-Smith noted that

Gage had no pain in his knees when sitting, she did not state that he had no pain at

all when sitting, or no pain when sitting for extended periods. The ALJ therefore

mischaracterized the record when he described Porco-Smith’s opinion as “stat[ing]

[that Gage] had no pain with sitting.” Furthermore, Porco-Smith and Kelton

documented long-standing issues with Gage’s hips and back through assessments

of his pain, range of motion, antalgic gait, and straight leg raises. While the

functioning of Gage’s hips and back is highly relevant to his ability to sit for

extended periods, the ALJ did not consider these findings when evaluating the

supportability of the sitting limitation. The ALJ similarly failed to consider the

medical evidence of Gage’s hip and back impairments when determining the

3 24-6900 consistency of the sitting limitation with the record.1

Examining the “entire record as a whole,” we conclude that the ALJ’s

analysis of Porco-Smith’s and Kelton’s opinions constitutes legal error, because

the ALJ misstated the record and failed to consider relevant portions of the record.

See Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1009. Accordingly, remand is warranted for the ALJ to

further consider the supportability and consistency of Porco-Smith’s and Kelton’s

opinions on Gage’s ability to sit for extended periods.

2. Gage’s Subjective Symptoms. The ALJ failed to offer specific, clear, and

convincing reasons for rejecting Gage’s testimony related to his hip and mental

health symptoms. See Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1281 (9th Cir. 1996).

Gage testified that his left hip “pops slightly out of the hip socket” when he stands

or sits for too long, requiring it to be painfully reset. Gage further testified that he

can stand for about twenty minutes or sit for about thirty minutes at a time before

he needs to prop up his left leg, while lying on his back, to relieve the pressure.

1 The concurrence concludes that the sitting limitation was inconsistent with Dr. Mark Magdaleno’s (Dr. Magdaleno) and Dr. Wayne Hurley’s (Dr. Hurley) reviews of the medical record. The ALJ did not, however, rely on or cite to Dr. Magdaleno’s or Dr. Hurley’s opinions when examining the persuasiveness of Porco-Smith’s and Kelton’s opinions. Because we “may not affirm the ALJ on a ground upon which he did not rely,” remand is required for the ALJ to reconsider the persuasiveness of Porco-Smith’s and Kelton’s sitting limitation. See Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1010.

4 24-6900 Gage also stated that when he walks or stands, he leans to his right side to keep

pressure off of his left hip, which, in turn, leads to radiating pain in his back,

buttocks, and hips. While Gage underwent left hip surgery in 2016, he testified

that it “did not help,” as he was only given three weeks to recover and then

returned to military service.

The ALJ discredited this testimony, in part, because the medical evidence

was “mostly unremarkable,” as diagnostic imaging “revealed only mild

pathology.” The ALJ erred because he ignored evidence that shows a worsening

prognosis over time in Gage’s left hip. Accordingly, the ALJ’s singular focus on

imaging from one appointment constitutes improper “cherry-picking” of the

record. See Ghanim v. Colvin, 763 F.3d 1154, 1164 (9th Cir. 2014).

The ALJ also discredited Gage’s hip-related testimony because Gage’s

history of treatment was “conservative.” This reasoning is infirm because it

ignores evidence that Gage sought a second hip surgery, but was told by multiple

providers that he was ineligible because he was too young. See Carmickle v.

Comm'r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 533 F.3d 1155, 1162 (9th Cir. 2008).

Finally, the ALJ improperly relied on Gage’s activities of daily living to

reject his testimony. Performing personal care and household duties, watching

television, driving a car, paying bills, and taking care of children and dogs are not

inconsistent with symptoms of chronic hip pain that prevent long periods of

5 24-6900 standing or sitting. See Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 639 (9th Cir. 2007). The only

listed activity that appears inconsistent with Gage’s testimony is “going to the

gym,” but this is a misstatement of the record. Gage listed the “gym” as one

activity he was “able to do before [his] illnesses, injuries, or conditions that [he]

can’t do now.” This aligns with physical therapy notes from 2019, which show

that Gage went to the gym before his disability onset date to try to strengthen his

hip and “stand with less pain.”

The ALJ made similar errors when evaluating Gage’s mental health-related

testimony. Gage testified that while his mental health goes “up and down,” his

“primary” symptoms are anxiety and depression. He also testified about struggling

with anger issues and having nightmares “every night,” due to his post-traumatic

stress disorder (PTSD). The ALJ found that Gage’s testimony was inconsistent

with the record, which showed “normal” mental status exams, infrequent

counseling, and a high level of daily functioning.

These findings cannot stand, as “it is error to reject a claimant’s [mental

health] testimony merely because symptoms wax and wane in the course of

treatment.” See Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1017. Gage’s PTSD is sometimes described

as “stable” in the record, but this is not a sufficient basis to discredit Gage’s

testimony, especially the testimony about his nightmares. There are treatment

notes in the record showing that Gage was prescribed various medications for

6 24-6900 nightmares, that certain medications “didn’t help with his nightmares at all,” and

that he is “still having trouble sleeping.” Further, two psychological opinions that

the ALJ found persuasive—one from Dr. Katrina Higgins, and another from Dr.

Linda Wolcott—documented the impact of trauma from Gage’s military service on

his mental health and sleep habits.

While it is true that Gage engaged in minimal mental health treatment since

the onset date of his disability, there is no evidence showing that Gage’s well-

documented issue with nightmares ceased during this time period. The ALJ

therefore failed to give reasoned consideration to Gage’s testimony on this issue

and to provide convincing reasons for rejecting it. The concurrence’s contrary

view—that the ALJ’s discussion of Gage’s intellectual and social functioning

encompassed his severe nightmares—is not reflected in the record. Accordingly,

the ALJ erred by mischaracterizing Gage’s mental health history and failing to

sufficiently address his issues with nightmares and sleeping. See Garrison, 759

F.3d at 1017.

Furthermore, the ALJ failed to consider Gage’s testimony explaining his

lapse in mental health treatment: that his last doctor retired and that he has had

difficulty finding a new one who will work with the Department of Veterans

Affairs. See Carmickle, 533 F.3d at 1162. Finally, as for the ALJ’s reliance on

7 24-6900 Gage’s activities, none are inconsistent with his mental health symptoms. See Orn,

495 F.3d at 639. The ALJ emphasized Gage’s participation in an eight-month,

online cybersecurity course, for three hours per day, four days per week. The ALJ

ignored Gage’s testimony, however, that he did not ultimately take the test to

obtain the cybersecurity certificate, due to his mental health issues. Gage’s

cybersecurity course thus cannot be a clear and convincing reason for rejecting

Gage’s mental health symptom testimony. Cf. Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 504 F.3d

1028, 1038 (9th Cir. 2007) (“It does not follow from the fact that a claimant tried

to work for a short period of time and, because of his impairments, failed, that he

did not then experience pain and limitations severe enough to preclude him from

maintaining… employment.”).

We do not disturb the ALJ’s other findings.

For the above reasons, we REVERSE and REMAND with directions to

remand this matter to the Commissioner for further proceedings consistent with

this disposition.

8 24-6900

FILED

JAN 5 2026

Gage v. Bisignano, Case No. 24-6900 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

DESAI, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment and concurring in part:

While I agree that the ALJ failed to provide “specific, clear, and convincing”

reasons for discounting Gage’s hip pain testimony, see Burrell v. Colvin, 775 F.3d

1133, 1137 (9th Cir. 2014), I disagree with the majority’s holding that the ALJ

improperly discounted portions of Gage’s mental health testimony and the medical

opinions of NP Porco-Smith and PA-C Kelton. Our review of the ALJ’s decision is

deferential. See 42 U.S.C § 405(g); Smartt v. Kijakazi, 53 F.4th 489, 499 (9th Cir.

2022). Here, the ALJ provided sufficient reasons for discounting Gage’s mental

health testimony and two medical opinions. Thus, I would not disturb these findings

by the ALJ and would only vacate and remand for the ALJ to consider Gage’s hip

pain testimony in its evaluation of Gage’s application for benefits. See Lambert v.

Saul, 980 F.3d 1266, 1278 (9th Cir. 2020). I thus concur in the judgment and concur

with the majority in part.

An ALJ must provide “specific, clear, and convincing” reasons to discount a

claimant’s testimony. Burrell, 775 F.3d at 1137. “The standard isn’t whether our

court is convinced, but instead whether the ALJ’s rationale is clear enough that it has

the power to convince.” Smartt, 53 F.4th at 499. An ALJ’s decision to discount a

medical opinion “must simply be supported by substantial evidence.” Woods v.

Kijakazi, 32 F.4th 785, 787, 790–92 (9th Cir. 2022) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 405(g)).

1 Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable person might accept

as adequate to support a conclusion.” Glanden v. Kijakazi, 86 F.4th 838, 843 (9th

Cir. 2023) (citation modified).

1. The ALJ did not provide specific, clear, and convincing reasons to

discount Gage’s hip pain testimony, but it did provide specific, clear, and convincing

reasons to discount Gage’s mental health testimony. First, the ALJ explained that

Gage’s PTSD was “stable and controlled.” Indeed, Gage’s treatment notes repeat

those words. Second, the ALJ explained that Gage’s own Patient Health

Questionnaire (PHQ) scores indicate “moderate” depression at most. Specifically,

the ALJ explained that Gage demonstrated a high level of mental functioning by

getting “A” grades in college-level coursework towards a cyber security certificate.

Because the ALJ explained that Gage’s activities suggest a higher range of

functioning, it was proper for the ALJ to discount his testimony. See Valentine v.

Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 574 F.3d 685, 693 (9th Cir. 2009) (discounting testimony

about the severity of PTSD based on finding that claimant’s activities suggested a

higher range of functioning).

The majority concludes that the ALJ’s reasons for discounting Gage’s mental

health testimony are not convincing because Gage experiences severe nightmares.

But the ALJ considered his nightmares in its decision that Gage’s consultative exams

showed “average intellectual functioning and memory” and only “some difficulty in

2 social functioning and concentration.” The physicians who conducted the exams

likewise considered the nightmares but concluded that Gage’s mental health

interfered only “somewhat with his ability to focus and complete tasks” and only

“mildly” with his ability to complete a normal work week. The ALJ sufficiently

provided specific, clear, and convincing reasons to discount Gage’s mental health

testimony, and thus I would affirm the ALJ’s decision that his symptoms do not

preclude “light work” “limited to simple, routine tasks.”

2. Substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s decision to discount NP Porco-

Smith and PA-C Kelton’s two-to-four-hour sitting limitation. First, the ALJ found

the limitation inconsistent with the medical record. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(c)(2)

(requiring an ALJ to consider consistency). Gage’s chiropractor, for example,

acknowledged that Gage experiences “low back and hip pain” when he engages in

“too much activity” but concluded that “[s]itting is more manageable when using a

chair with adequate low back support.” And, as the ALJ noted, consulting physicians

Dr. Mark Magdaleno and Dr. Wayne Hurley reviewed the medical record and found

Gage could sit for six hours. See Ford v. Saul, 950 F.3d 1141, 1154 (9th Cir. 2020)

(affirming ALJ’s rejection of a medical opinion because two non-examining

physicians contradicted it); Woods, 32 F.4th at 791–92.

Moreover, NP Porco-Smith and PA-C Kelton’s own exams did not support the

sitting limitations. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(c)(1) (requiring an ALJ to consider

3 supportability). Specifically, Dr. Hurley’s analysis of NP Porco-Smith and PA-C

Kelton’s opinions showed negative results on a straight leg raise test while seated,

normal bilateral knee range of motion, and only “mild difficulty” rising from a chair.

And, contrary to the majority’s holding, it is of no moment that NP Porco-Smith

found that Gage has no pain “with sitting.” This finding does not support a two-to-

four-hour sitting limitation and, in fact, it may support the conclusion that Gage does

not experience pain when sitting. Taken together, substantial evidence supports the

ALJ’s decision to discount the medical opinions of NP Porco-Smith and PA-C

Kelton.

In sum, the ALJ only failed to provide specific, clear, and convincing reasons

to discount Gage’s hip pain testimony. The ALJ’s decision to discount Gage’s mental

health testimony and the two medical opinions regarding Gage’s sitting limitations

should not be disturbed. I thus concur in the judgment and concur in part.

4