1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 MUHAMADOU DRAMMEH, Case No.: 25-CV-3412 JLS (JLB)

12 Petitioner,

ORDER GRANTING FIRST

13 v. AMENDED PETITION FOR WRIT

OF HABEAS CORPUS

14 KRISTI NOEM, Secretary of the

Department of Homeland Security, et al., 15 (ECF No. 5) Respondents. 16 17 18 Presently before the Court is Petitioner Muhamadou Drammeh’s First Amended 19 Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241 (“Pet.,” ECF No. 5). Also 20 before the Court is Respondents Kristi Noem’s (Secretary of the U.S. Department of 21 Homeland Security), Pamela Bondi’s (Attorney General of the United States), Todd 22 Lyons’s (Acting Director of Immigration Customs Enforcement), Jesus Rocha’s (Acting 23 Field Director, San Diego Field Office), and Christopher LaRose’s (Senior Warden of Otay 24 Mesa Detention Center) (collectively, “Respondents”) Return in Opposition to the Habeas 25 Petition (“Ret.,” ECF No. 13), and Petitioner’s Traverse (“Traverse,” ECF No. 14). See 26 generally Docket. For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS Petitioner’s First 27 Amended Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (ECF No. 5). 28 / / / 1 BACKGROUND 2 Petitioner, a Gambian national, has been detained by the United States Department 3 of Homeland Security’s Immigration and Customs Enforcement division at the Otay Mesa 4 Detention Facility since August 19, 2025. Pet. at 3. In 2017, Petitioner was ordered 5 removed to Gambia. Ret. at 2. On November 13, 2019, Petitioner was deported to Gambia, 6 id., where “he experienced several years of persecution,” Pet. at 2. In late 2023, Petitioner 7 fled Gambia and arrived in the United States without authorization. Id. On January 3, 8 2024, Petitioner was apprehended by U.S. Border Patrol near Lukeville, Arizona. Ret. at 9 2. On January 12, 2024, Petitioner was released on an order of supervision. Id. Petitioner 10 “lived, studied, and worked in Los Angeles” for the next year and a half without issue. Pet. 11 at 2. Petitioner worked as a security guard in Los Angeles, attended a public school for 12 adult education seeking his GED, attended all his check-in appointments, and complied 13 with all conditions of his supervised release. Id. On August 19, 2025, Petitioner was 14 arrested at his ICE check-in appointment without notice or an informal interview. Id. at 3. 15 At the time of his arrest, “[t]he ICE officer told him ‘everything has changed, and . . . if 16 you want to fight your case, you have to be inside.’” Id. Petitioner now argues that ICE 17 did not comply with 8 C.F.R. § 241 or due process. Id. 18 LEGAL STANDARD 19 A federal prisoner challenging the execution of his or her sentence, rather than the 20 legality of the sentence itself, may file a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the district of 21 his confinement pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241. See 28 U.S.C. § 2241(a). The sole judicial 22 body able to review challenges to final orders of deportation, exclusion, or removal is the 23 court of appeals. See generally 8 U.S.C. § 1252; see also Alvarez–Barajas v. Gonzales, 24 418 F.3d 1050, 1052 (9th Cir. 2005) (citing REAL ID Act, Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat. 25 231, § 106(a)). However, for claims challenging ancillary or collateral issues arising 26 independently from the removal process—for example, a claim of indefinite detention— 27 federal habeas corpus jurisdiction remains in the district court. Nadarajah v. Gonzales, 28 443 F.3d 1069, 1076 (9th Cir. 2006), abrogated on other grounds by Jennings v. Rodriguez, 1 138 S. Ct. 830 (2018); Alvarez v. Sessions, 338 F. Supp. 3d 1042, 1048–49 (N.D. Cal. 2 2018) (citations omitted). 3 DISCUSSION 4 When an alien has been found to be unlawfully present in the United States and a 5 final order of removal has been entered, they must be detained for ninety days (90) pending 6 the government’s efforts to secure their removal. See 28 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(1). This ninety- 7 day period is referred to as the “removal period.” § 1231(a)(1)(A). After the removal 8 period, this statute “limits an alien’s post-removal-period detention to a period reasonably 9 necessary to bring about that alien’s removal from the United States” and “does not permit 10 indefinite detention.” Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 689 (2001). A six-month period 11 of post-removal detention constitutes a “presumptively reasonable period of detention.” 12 Id. at 701. After this six-month period passes, the petitioner has the burden to “provide[] 13 good reason to believe that there is no significant likelihood of removal in the reasonably 14 foreseeable future.” Id. If petitioner satisfies their initial burden, it then shifts to the 15 Government to rebut that showing. Id. “[F]or detention to remain reasonable, as the period 16 of prior post-removal confinement grows, what counts as the ‘reasonably foreseeable 17 future’ conversely would have to shrink.” Id. “[O]nce removal is no longer reasonably 18 foreseeable, continued detention is no longer authorized by statute.” Id. at 699. In that 19 case, the alien’s release may be conditioned on any of the various forms of conditioned 20 release, including an order of supervised release. Id. at 700. 21 Once ICE releases a non-citizen on supervised release, “ICE’s ability to re-detain 22 that noncitizen is constrained by its own regulations.” Nouri v. Herrera, SA CV 25-1905- 23 JFW(DBT), 2025 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 171809, at *11 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 3, 2025) (internal 24 citation omitted). ICE may re-detain a non-citizen released on an Order of Supervision “if, 25 on account of changed circumstances, [ICE] determines that there is a significant likelihood 26 that the alien may be removed in the reasonably foreseeable future.” 8 C.F.R. 27 § 241.13(i)(2). ICE may also re-detain if the non-citizen “violates any of the conditions of 28 release.” § 241.13(i)(1). If ICE chooses to re-detain, the non-citizen must “be notified of 1 the reasons for revocation” and be afforded “an initial informal interview promptly after 2 [his] return to . . . custody to afford the alien an opportunity to respond to the reasons for 3 revocation stated in the notification.” § 241.13(i)(3). The non-citizen may “submit any 4 evidence or information that [he] believes shows there is no significant likelihood [he may] 5 be removed in the reasonably foreseeable future, or that [he] has not violated the order of 6 supervision.” Id. 7 Here, Petitioner was ordered removed in 2017, removed to Gambia in 2019, and re- 8 entered the United States in 2023. Pet. at 2. Petitioner was released on an Order of 9 Supervision on January 12, 2024, presumably, because his removal was not foreseeable. 10 Ret. at 2; see Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 699–700 (“[I]f removal is not reasonably foreseeable, 11 the court should hold continued detention unreasonable and no longer authorized by 12 statute.”). Petitioner was re-detained by ICE agents at his annual ICE check-in on August 13 19, 2025. Pet. at 3. Petitioner was not provided written notice (or any notice) for the 14 reasons of his re-detention beyond a statement from the ICE officer that “everything has 15 changed, and . . . if you want to fight your case, you have to be inside.” Id.; see also Tran 16 v. Noem, No. 25-cv-2391 BTM (BLM), 2025 WL 3005347, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 27, 2025) 17 (holding that this “notice must be in writing and contain all the reasons for the revocation 18 of the alien’s release”); see also Xayakesone v. Noem, No. 25-cv-2995-JES-BJW, 2025 19 WL 3229102, at *4 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 19, 2025) (finding notice insufficient when it stated 20 that the “decision has been made based on a review of your official alien file and a 21 determination that there are changed circumstances in your case”); Rokhifirooz v. Larose, 22 No. 25-cv-2053-RSH-VET, 2025 WL 2646165, at *4 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 15, 2025) (same). 23 Further, ICE agents did not conduct an interview after Petitioner’s arrest, and in the 24 four months Petitioner has been detained, no interview has been conducted. Pet. at 4–5. 25 Petitioner, therefore, has not been provided with “an opportunity to respond to the reasons 26 for revocation stated in the notification,” 8 C.F.R. § 241.13(i)(3). “Petitioner must be told 27 what circumstances had changed or why there was now a significant likelihood of removal 28 1 in order to meaningfully respond to the reasons and submit evidence in opposition.” Sarail 2 A. v. Bondi, ---- F. Supp. 3d ----, 2025 WL 2533673, at *10 (D. Minn. 2025). 3 “Government agencies are required to follow their own regulations.” Hoac v. 4 Becerra, No. 25-cv-1740-DC-JDP, 2025 WL 1993771, at *4 (E.D. Cal. July 16, 2025) 5 (citing United States ex rel. Accardi v. Shaughnessy, 347 US. 260, 268 (1954)) (finding a 6 likelihood of success where petitioner was not provided an informal interview). “[W]hen 7 ICE fails to follow its own regulations in revoking release, the detention is unlawful, and 8 the petitioner’s release must be ordered.” Truong v. Noem, No. 25-cv-2597-JES-MMP, 9 2025 WL 2988357, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 22, 2025) (collecting cases). The Court finds that, 10 in violation of ICE’s regulations, the revocation of his supervised release without notice or 11 an informed interview justifies GRANTING the Petition. See, e.g., Hoac, 2025 WL 12 1993771, at *4 (granting a TRO where ICE failed to follow § 241.13(i)(3) procedures); 13 Phakeokoth v. Noem, No. 25-cv-2817 RBM (SBC), 2025 WL 3124341, at *6 (S.D. Cal. 14 Nov. 7, 2025) (same); Nouri, 2025 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 171809, at *11 (same); Tran, 2025 15 WL 3005347, at *4 (granting a habeas petition on the same grounds); Truong, 2025 WL 16 2988357, at *6 (same); Nguyen v. Noem, No. 25-cv-2792 LL (VET), 2025 WL 3101979, 17 at *3 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 6, 2025) (same). 18 Additionally, even if the procedural requirements were met, the Court is not 19 persuaded that Respondents have shown a change in circumstances such that there is now 20 a significant likelihood Petitioner will be removed in the reasonably foreseeable future. 21 First, Petitioner has been subject to a final order of removal since January 2024, and in the 22 last two years, there has been no progress on securing his removal. Traverse at 6. 23 Second, Respondents failed to secure travel documents, or alleged potential for 24 travel documents, for Petitioner before his re-detention. Petitioner was released in 2024 25 because his removal was not reasonably foreseeable, id., and Respondents present no 26 evidence that this has changed. In fact, Petitioner was found to have a credible fear of 27 return to Gambia in his September 15, 2025, interview with an asylum officer and his case 28 | ||has since been referred to the Immigration Court for withholding-only proceedings. Ret. 2 2. 3 Therefore, because Respondents have failed to follow their own regulations in re- 4 |/detaining Petitioner and have failed to demonstrate that his removal is reasonably 5 || foreseeable, the Court GRANTS the Petition. 6 CONCLUSION 7 Based on the foregoing, the Court GRANTS Petitioner’s First Amended Petition for 8 || Writ of Habeas Corpus (ECF No. 5), and ORDERS Respondents to immediately release 9 || Petitioner from custody subject to the conditions of his preexisting Order of Supervision. 10 || The Court ORDERS that Respondents cannot re-detain Petitioner without following the 11 || procedures set out in 8 C.F.R. § 241.13(4) and other implementing regulations. The Parties 12 ORDERED to file a Joint Status Report by January 12, 2026, confirming that Petitioner 13 been released. The Clerk of Court SHALL CLOSE the file. 14 IT IS SO ORDERED. 15 ||Dated: January 6, 2026

17 on. Janis L. Sammartino 18 United States District Judge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28