1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 A.V., A SEX TRAFFICKED Case No. 26-cv-00088-TSH

INDIVIDUAL,

8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING REQUEST TO 9 PROCEED UNDER PSEUDONYM v. 10

AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.

11 D/B/A AVALON AT MISSION BAY, et al., 12 Defendants. 13 14 Plaintiff A.V. alleges Defendants were participants in a sex-trafficking venture that took 15 place just under a two-year period, starting when Plaintiff was a minor. Compl. ¶ 1, ECF No. 1. 16 As part of her complaint, Plaintiff requests the Court grant a protective order under Federal Rule 17 of Civil Procedure 26(c) to permit her to proceed under a pseudonym, stating she also intends to 18 file a formal motion to proceed under a pseudonym after completing service on Defendants so as 19 to determine whether they would oppose Plaintiff’s request. Id. ¶ 7. 20 A defendant’s due process right to confront an adversary and the public’s right of access to 21 judicial proceedings require that, in most cases, individuals filing lawsuits do so in their own 22 names. Doe v. Kamehameha Schools/Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate, 596 F.3d 1036, 1042 (9th 23 Cir. 2010); Does I through XXIII v. Advanced Textile Corp., 214 F.3d 1058, 1068-69 (9th Cir. 24 2000); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(a) (requiring that the title of every complaint “include the names 25 of all the parties”). However, in the “unusual case when nondisclosure of the party’s identity is 26 necessary . . . to protect a person from harassment, injury, ridicule or personal embarrassment,” 27 1 parties may use pseudonyms.1 Does I through XXIII v. Advanced Textile, 214 F.3d 1058, 1067-68 2 (9th Cir. 2000) (citations omitted). The Ninth Circuit has identified three circumstances where 3 this may be the case: (1) when identification creates a risk of retaliatory physical or mental harm; 4 (2) when anonymity is necessary to preserve privacy in a matter of a sensitive and highly personal 5 nature; and (3) when the anonymous party is compelled to admit his or her intention to engage in 6 illegal conduct, thereby risking criminal prosecution. Id. at 1068. When a party fears retaliation, 7 the court balances: (1) the severity of the threatened harm, (2) the reasonableness of the 8 anonymous party’s fears, (3) the anonymous party’s vulnerability to retaliation, (4) the prejudice 9 to the opposing party, and (5) whether the public’s interest in the case requires that litigants reveal 10 their identities. Kamehameha Schools, 596 F.3d at 1042. District courts have broad discretion to 11 determine whether a plaintiff may proceed anonymously. Advanced Textile Corp., 214 F.3d at 12 1068; Kamehameha Schools, 596 F.3d at 1045-46. 13 Given the nature of the claims in this case, the Court finds the need of Plaintiff for 14 anonymity outweighs the risk of prejudice to Defendants at this preliminary stage, as Plaintiff 15 shows that anonymity is necessary to preserve privacy in a matter of sensitive and highly personal 16 nature. “With regard to allegations of sexual assault, several courts have concluded that any 17 prejudice the defendant may face does not favor requiring the plaintiff to disclose her identity, and 18 that the public’s interest in allowing alleged victims of sexual assault to proceed anonymously 19 outweighs any public interest in the plaintiff’s identity.” M.R. v. Fed. Corr. Inst. “FCI” Dublin, 20 2022 WL 5225881, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 5, 2022) (collecting cases). Accordingly, the Court 21 GRANTS Plaintiff’s request to proceed using the pseudonymous designation “A.V.” As 22 Defendants have not yet appeared, they may later file a motion to compel disclosure of Plaintiff’s 23 true name if they can make a good faith showing of prejudice. See Doe v. Mt. Diablo Unified Sch. 24 Dist., 2018 WL 2317804, at *2 (N.D. Cal. May 22, 2018); Advanced Textile Corp., 214 F.3d at 25 1 The Ninth Circuit does not require a plaintiff to obtain leave to proceed anonymously before 26 filing an anonymous pleading. See Doe v. UNUM Life Ins. Co. of Am., 164 F. Supp. 3d 1140, 1144 (N.D. Cal. 2016) (finding that any attempt to proceed anonymously would be pointless if a 27 plaintiff had to use his or her real name first); Doe v. Penzato, 2011 WL 1833007, at *4 (N.D. Cal. 1 1069 (“We recognize that the balance between a party’s need for anonymity and the interests 2 || weighing in favor of open judicial proceedings may change as the litigation progresses.”). 3 IT IS SO ORDERED. 4 5 Dated: January 6, 2026 6

THOMAS S. HIXSON

8 United States Magistrate Judge 9 10 11 a 12

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