NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 5 2026

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JOSE AMILCAR ORTEGA-ALVAREZ, No. 18-70596

Petitioner, Agency No. A208-282-084

v.

MEMORANDUM*

PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted February 2, 2026** Pasadena, California

Before: GRABER, CLIFTON, and JOHNSTONE, Circuit Judges.

Petitioner Jose Amilcar Ortega-Alvarez, a native and citizen of El Salvador,

timely seeks review of a Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) decision

affirming an immigration judge’s (“IJ”) denial of Petitioner’s applications for

asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). Torture (“CAT”). Where, as here, the BIA both incorporates the IJ’s findings and

provides its own analysis, we review both decisions. Bhattarai v. Lynch, 835 F.3d

1037, 1042 (9th Cir. 2016). We review for substantial evidence the factual findings

underlying the denial of Petitioner’s applications and review de novo questions of

law. Id. We deny the petition for review.

1. Substantial evidence supports the BIA and IJ’s finding that Petitioner’s

proposed particular social group of “young, Salvadoran males whose parents are in

the United States” lacks social distinction. Therefore, the proposed particular

social group is not cognizable. See Conde Quevedo v. Barr, 947 F.3d 1238, 1242

(9th Cir. 2020) (describing the requirements for a particular social group, and

noting that whether a particular social group is cognizable is a question of law, but

the agency’s finding regarding social distinction is a question of fact). The record

does not compel the finding that Petitioner’s proposed particular social group is

recognized as socially distinct by society in El Salvador. See id. at 1243–44

(analyzing evidence that would reflect social distinction). Petitioner testified that

gang members targeted him because his parents were sending him money from the

United States. But evidence that persecutors target a group is insufficient, by itself,

to establish that the group is socially distinct. Cordoba v. Barr, 962 F.3d 479, 482–

83 (9th Cir. 2020).

2 Petitioner proffers before us an alternative particular social group: “El

Salvador[an] males, who support the rule of law, and oppose supporting or joining

gangs.” Petitioner also claims, relatedly, that he fears persecution on account of his

“political opinion against gang activity.” Petitioner exhausted those purported

grounds for asylum before the BIA by arguing that he feared persecution due to his

opposition to gangs. See Umana-Escobar v. Garland, 69 F.4th 544, 550 (9th Cir.

2023) (describing the requirements for administrative exhaustion). Gang members

tried to recruit Petitioner, and he fears persecution because he refused to join them.

But, as both the BIA and IJ concluded, Petitioner’s “generalized opposition to

gangs and gang recruitment,” Henriquez-Rivas v. Holder, 707 F.3d 1081, 1093 (9th

Cir. 2013) (en banc), without significant action in furtherance of such opposition, is

not a cognizable ground for asylum, see Barrios v. Holder, 581 F.3d 849, 856 (9th

Cir. 2009) (holding that refusal to join a gang is not, by itself, a protected ground),

as amended, abrogated in part on other grounds by Henriquez-Rivas, 707 F.3d at

1093.

Petitioner has not shown that he belongs to a cognizable protected group, so

he cannot establish that he is eligible for asylum. See Henriquez-Rivas, 707 F.3d

at 1083.

2. Substantial evidence supports the BIA and IJ’s denial of Petitioner’s

application for withholding of removal for the same reasons the agency denied his

3 asylum claim. See Ramirez-Munoz v. Lynch, 816 F.3d 1226, 1230 (9th Cir. 2016)

(“A petitioner who fails to satisfy the lower standard of proof for asylum

necessarily fails to satisfy the more stringent standard for withholding of

removal.”).

3. Finally, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s and IJ’s denial of

Petitioner’s CAT claim because Petitioner failed to show that he would more likely

than not be tortured with the government’s acquiescence if returned to El

Salvador.1 See Dhital v. Mukasey, 532 F.3d 1044, 1051 (9th Cir. 2008) (per

curiam) (stating the requirements for a CAT claim). Petitioner claims that the

government of El Salvador cannot control gang violence. But evidence that the

“government has been generally ineffective in preventing or investigating” gang

violence does not, by itself, raise an inference that the government is likely to

acquiesce in torture. Garcia-Milian v. Holder, 755 F.3d 1026, 1034 (9th Cir. 2014).

PETITION DENIED.

1 Contrary to Petitioner’s assertion that the IJ denied Petitioner’s CAT claim “based on the credibility finding,” the IJ found Petitioner credible, and the IJ and BIA ruled on the merits of Petitioner’s CAT claim. Accordingly, we review the agency’s decision for substantial evidence.

4