NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 23 2026

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MICHELLE DIANE GANEY; MICHAEL No. 24-4547 JAMES GANEY, Jr., D.C. No. 3:23-cv-01448-CAB-AHG Plaintiffs - Appellants,

MEMORANDUM*

v.

COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO; JANETTE

VILLA; TOREE RUIZ; JANEA

AYALA; CHRISTOPHER

TAYLOR; MARY SHEHEE; LILIANA

IRIBE-MORENO; JADE NIETO; NICK

MACCHIONE,

Defendants - Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California Cathy Ann Bencivengo, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted February 18, 2026**

Before: CALLAHAN, FRIEDLAND, and BRESS, Circuit Judges.

Michelle Diane Ganey and Michael James Ganey, Jr., appeal pro se from the

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). district court’s judgment dismissing their 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action arising out of

juvenile dependency proceedings. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

We review de novo. Mudpie, Inc. v. Travelers Cas. Ins. Co. of Am., 15 F.4th 885,

889 (9th Cir. 2021) (dismissal for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)); Mills v. City of Covina, 921 F.3d 1161, 1165 (9th Cir.

2019) (dismissal based on the statute of limitations). We affirm.

The district court properly dismissed the Ganeys’ § 1983 claims against the

individual defendants because the Ganeys filed this action more than two years

after their claims accrued and failed to allege circumstances that justified equitable

tolling. See Soto v. Sweetman, 882 F.3d 865, 870-71 (9th Cir. 2018) (explaining

that “[f]ederal courts in § 1983 actions apply the state statute of limitations from

personal injury claims and borrow the state’s tolling rules,” and that federal law

governs when a claim accrues, which is when a plaintiff knows or should know of

the injury that forms the basis for his cause of action); see also Cal. Civ. Proc.

Code § 335.1 (two-year statute of limitations for personal injury claims); Bird v.

Dep’t of Hum. Servs., 935 F.3d 738, 746-48 (9th Cir. 2019) (explaining limited

availability of the continuing violations doctrine); Fink v. Shedler, 192 F.3d 911,

916 (9th Cir. 1999) (setting forth requirements for equitable tolling under

California law).

The district court dismissed the Ganeys’ claim under California’s Bane Act,

2 24-4547 Cal. Civ. Code § 52.1, because the Ganeys did not file a timely notice under the

California Tort Claims Act. See Cal. Gov’t Code § 911.2(a) (requiring that state

law claims be presented to the relevant agency “not later than six months after the

accrual of the cause of action”); Mangold v. Cal. Pub. Utils. Comm’n, 67 F.3d

1470, 1477 (9th Cir. 1995) (explaining that the “California Tort Claims Act

requires, as a condition precedent to suit against a public entity, the timely

presentation of a written claim”); see also Willis v. City of Carlsbad, 262 Cal. Rptr.

3d 528, 542, 544-45 (Ct. App. 2020) (concluding that “equitable tolling cannot be

invoked to suspend section 911.2’s six-month deadline for filing a prerequisite

government claim” and discussing accrual and the continuing violation doctrine

under California law). The Ganeys have not shown on appeal why that dismissal

was improper.

The district court properly dismissed the Ganeys’ Monell claim against the

county because the Ganeys failed to allege facts sufficient to show an official

policy or custom of constitutional violations. See Lockett v. County of Los

Angeles, 977 F.3d 737, 741 (9th Cir. 2020) (discussing requirements to establish

municipal liability under Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658

(1978)); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (to avoid dismissal,

“a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a

claim to relief that is plausible on its face” (citation and internal quotation marks

3 24-4547 omitted)).

The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying leave to file a

second amended complaint because amendment would have been futile. See

Cervantes v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 656 F.3d 1034, 1041 (9th Cir. 2011)

(setting forth standard of review and explaining that leave to amend may be denied

when amendment would be futile).

The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the Ganeys’ motion

for appointment of counsel because the Ganeys did not establish exceptional

circumstances. See Palmer v. Valdez, 560 F.3d 965, 970 (9th Cir. 2009) (setting

forth standard of review and “exceptional circumstances” requirement).

AFFIRMED.

4 24-4547