NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 24 2026

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MENORA MIVTACHIM INSURANCE No. 24-6218 LTD.; MENORA MIVTACHIM D.C. No. PENSIONS AND GEMEL LTD.; THE 4:22-cv-01470-YGR

PHOENIX INSURANCE

COMPANY; THE PHOENIX MEMORANDUM*

PROVIDENT PENSION FUND LTD.,

Plaintiffs - Appellants,

and

PLUMBERS AND STEAMFITTERS

LOCAL 60 PENSION TRUST, Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated,

Plaintiff,

v.

META PLATFORMS, INC., formerly known as Facebook, Inc.; MARK

ZUCKERBERG; DAVID

WEHNER; SHERYL K.

SANDBERG; SUSAN LI,

Defendants - Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. for the Northern District of California Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted January 6, 2026 San Francisco, California

Before: NGUYEN and BENNETT, Circuit Judges, and MATSUMOTO, District Judge.**

Plaintiffs (collectively, “Menora”) appeal the district court’s grant of Meta

Platforms, Inc. and several executives’ (collectively, “Meta”) motion to dismiss

fraud claims brought under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act

(“PSLRA”). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Reviewing de novo,

Weston Fam. P’ship LLLP v. Twitter, Inc., 29 F.4th 611, 617 (9th Cir. 2022), we

affirm.

In late April 2021, Apple changed its iPhone’s operating system, the iOS, to

permit users to opt out of sharing data with apps such as Meta’s Facebook and

Instagram. The iOS changes significantly impacted Meta’s advertisement

targeting and measurement capabilities. Menora sued, claiming that Meta’s senior

executives misled investors about the financial impact of Apple’s iOS changes

during Q2 and Q3 of 2021.

** The Honorable Kiyo A. Matsumoto, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.

2 24-6218 Menora’s fraud theory is based on two categories of statements. The first set

of statements involve alleged misrepresentations that Apple’s iOS changes had not

materially diminished Meta’s advertising targeting and measurement capabilities

(the “Material Impact Statements”). The second category of alleged misstatements

involve Meta executives’ statements that the impact from the iOS changes had

been “manageable” and “in line” with expectations (the “In Line Statements”). We

address each category of statements below.

“[A] complaint alleging claims under section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 . . . must

satisfy the heightened pleading requirements of both Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 9(b) and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (“PSLRA”).” In

re Rigel Pharms., Inc. Sec. Litig., 697 F.3d 869, 876 (9th Cir. 2012). Under Rule

9(b), “[a]verments of fraud must be accompanied by ‘the who, what, when, where,

and how’ of the misconduct charged.” Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d

1097, 1106 (9th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). To state a private securities fraud

claim, the complaint must plausibly allege: “(1) a material misrepresentation or

omission by the defendant; (2) scienter; (3) a connection between the

misrepresentation or omission and the purchase or sale of a security; (4) reliance

upon the misrepresentation or omission; (5) economic loss; and (6) loss causation.”

Halliburton Co. v. Erica P. John Fund, Inc., 573 U.S. 258, 267 (2014).

3 24-6218 1. The district court did not err in dismissing claims based on the

Material Impact Statements because Menora failed to plead loss causation, that is,

“a causal connection between the material misrepresentation and the loss.”1 Dura

Pharms., Inc. v. Broudo, 544 U.S. 336, 342 (2005). The burden of pleading loss

causation is typically satisfied by allegations that the defendant revealed the truth

through “corrective disclosures” which “caused the company’s stock price to drop

and investors to lose money.” Halliburton, 573 U.S. at 264.

Menora relies on a statement made in February 2022 by then-CFO David

Wehner that the impact of the iOS changes in 2022 would be in the order of around

$10 billion. Wehner’s prediction of Meta’s future financial picture is not a

corrective disclosure because it is forward-looking rather than “descriptive of

historical fact.” S.E.C. v. Todd, 642 F.3d 1207, 1221 (9th Cir. 2011). As the

district court correctly observed, reliance on Wehner’s prediction is an attempt to

“reverse engineer this forward-looking observation into a retrospective analysis.”

Menora resists this conclusion, arguing that the district court misunderstood

Wehner’s statement as a corrective disclosure of past performance. As Menora

sees it, the statement was a corrective disclosure—made for the first time—that the

1 Because the district court dismissed claims based on the Material Impact Statements only on lack of loss causation, we similarly do not reach the other elements of a securities fraud claim.

4 24-6218 iOS changes materially affected Meta’s advertising targeting and measurement

capabilities. But, contrary to Menora’s argument, Meta already had disclosed

multiple times that the iOS changes would reduce its ability to target and measure

advertising.

Relatedly, Menora also argues that the impact of the iOS changes was

“constant from the start,” and thus Wehner’s statement reveals the falsity of Meta’s

prior representations that iOS changes were not materially affecting its advertising

capabilities. Again, this argument assumes that Meta failed to disclose that iOS

changes would materially impact its business, an assumption that is belied by the

record. Further, Menora’s allegation that the impact was “roughly constant from

the start” is contradicted by Menora’s own allegation that Meta only “started to see

that impact in Q2 [of 2021],” with consumer adoption of the iOS changes

“ramp[ing] up” over time. Thus, Menora did not plausibly allege loss causation,

and the fraud theory based on the Material Impact Statements fails.

2. The district court did not err in dismissing Menora’s claim based on

the In Line Statements because Menora failed to plead a misrepresentation.

Menora first argues that comments from market analysts showed that the iOS

changes were unmanageable from the outset. But the analysts’ reaction to the $10

billion impact appears only to be related to Meta’s forecast of the revenue loss,

rather than a revelation of any past performance.

5 24-6218 Menora also argues that the district court erred in ruling that the word

“manageable” was “too imprecise” to mislead investors. But when preceded by

the qualifying language “we think,” the term “manageable” is reasonably viewed

as an opinion, see Omnicare, Inc. v. Laborers Dist. Council Constr. Indus. Pension

Fund, 575 U.S. 175, 187–88 (2015), and a “subjective assessment hardly amounts

to a securities violation.” In re Cutera Sec. Litig., 610 F.3d 1103, 1111 (9th Cir.

2010). Securities law “does not allow investors to second-guess inherently

subjective and uncertain assessments” of business executives. Omnicare, 575 U.S.

at 186. “In context, any reasonable investor would have understood [Meta’s

statements] as mere corporate optimism.” Police Ret. Sys. of St. Louis v. Intuitive

Surgical, Inc., 759 F.3d 1051, 1060 (9th Cir. 2014).

Finally, we agree with the district court’s conclusion that the words

“manageable” and “immaterial” are not synonyms because something can be

material as well as manageable. “Manageable” means “capable of being

managed”; it does not mean “immaterial.” Manageable, MERRIAM-WEBSTER.COM,

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/manageable (last visited Jan. 29,

2026). And to a “reasonable investor,” Glazer Cap. Mgmt., L.P. v. Forescout

Techs., Inc., 63 F.4th 747, 764 (9th Cir. 2023), the significant impact Meta

expected from the iOS changes can still be “manageable” to Meta. Moreover, a

word that may have “many dictionary definitions . . . must draw its meaning from

6 24-6218 its context.” Kucana v. Holder, 558 U.S. 233, 245 (2010); see also Sneed v.

Talphera, Inc., 147 F.4th 1123, 1131 (9th Cir. 2025) (“To decide whether a

misstatement or omission can mislead, we need to look at the context surrounding

the statement.” (citation modified)). In context, the references to “manageable”

described an impact that was not immaterial, given that Meta had consistently

signaled the significant impact of the iOS changes. For example, during a July

2021 investors’ call, Meta plainly told investors not to infer that the impact of the

iOS changes was immaterial. Thus, Menora did not plausibly allege that

reasonable investors were misled to believe that the impact of the iOS changes was

immaterial, and the fraud theory based on the In Line Statements fails.

AFFIRMED.

7 24-6218