Ryno

FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 23-432 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellee, 3:17-cr-00257-

VC-

v.

DAVID PAUL MARTINEZ,

OPINION

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Vince Chhabria, District Judge, Presiding

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 23-2417

Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 1:23-cr-00006- v. TMB-MMS-

ALEX LEON PADGETT,

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Alaska Timothy M. Burgess, District Judge, Presiding

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 23-3426 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellee, 3:22-cr-00045-

JMK-MMS-

v.

JOEL MICHAEL RYNO,

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Alaska Joshua M. Kindred, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted September 19, 2025 Seattle, Washington

Filed March 18, 2026

Before: William A. Fletcher and Ana de Alba, Circuit Judges, and Robert Pitman, District Judge. *

Opinion by…