Plaintiff unions brought this action in equity to compel specific performance of an arbitration award made in their favor pursuant to the provisions of a so-called non-raiding agreement. De fendant unions and defendant Regional Director for the National Labor Relations Board (hereinafter “the Board”) now move to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter. [Fed.R. Civ.P. rule 12(b) (1), 28 U.S.C.A.]

Stated as briefly as seems practicable, the facts as alleged in plaintiffs’ complaint are these. On or about June 9, 1954, plaintiff International Union of Doll & Toy Workers of the United States and Canada, AFL-CIO (hereinafter the “Toy Workers Union”), and defendant Metal Polishers, Buffers, Platers & Helpers International Union, AFL-CIO (hereinafter the “Metal Polisher’s Union”), entered into a “non-raiding” agreement, whereby each union agreed, inter alia:

The employees of Cadmium and Nickel Plating Company, (hereinafter the “Company”) had as their sole collective bargaining representative plaintiff Local 802 of the Toy Workers Union (hereinafter “Local 802”).

On or about February 4, 1959, defendant Local 67 of the Metal Polishers Union (hereinafter “Local 67”) filed with the National Labor Relations Board a petition for certification as exclusive bargaining agent for the employees of the Company then represented by plaintiff Local 802. [See 29 U.S.C.A. § 159 .] The Toy Workers Union and its Local 802 thereupon invoked the arbitration procedures provided in the non-raiding agreement.

After a hearing, the Impartial Umpire decided in favor of plaintiff unions, and made the award here sought to be specifically enforced. By this award the Impartial Umpire directed that defendant Local 67’s petition for certification be immediately withdrawn from the Board, as provided by above-quoted paragraph (7) (a) of the non-raiding agreement.

Instead of withdrawing the petition, defendant Metal Polishers requested the Board to hold an election to allow the employees of the Company to elect the bargaining representative of their choice pursuant to 29 U.S.C.A. § 159 . The Company itself had previously requested the Board to hold an election.

On May 28, 1959, following due notice to all parties concerned, the Board held the requested election. The results were overwhelmingly in favor of defendant Metal Polishers. Out of 71 employees eligible to vote, 53 voted in favor of the Metal Polishers, none at all voted in favor of the Toy Workers, and 13 voted against having any union representative at all.

Plaintiff Toy Workers thereupon commenced this action to compel specific performance of the award made under the provisions of the non-raiding agreement. Defendant Metal Polishers and the Board responded with the pending motions to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter.

In approaching any issue as to Federal jurisdiction, it is helpful to recall at the outset that the Federal courts possess only such jurisdiction as has been conferred by statute. [U.S.Const. art. III; Lockerty v. Phillips, 1943, 319 U.S. 182, 187 , 63 S.Ct. 1019 , 87 L.Ed. 1339 .

Here the jurisdiction of this Court is invoked under § 301(a) of the Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947—the Taft-Hartley Act—which provides that:

The complaint alleges that both plaintiff and defendant unions are labor organizations, and that the activities of the unions and the industry in which they operate “affect commerce”, within the meaning of the Taft-Hartley Act. [See 29 U.S.C.A. §§ 142 , 152(5), (6) and (7).]

As authority to sustain district-court jurisdiction over the subject matter at bar, plaintiffs cite United Textile Workers of America, A.F.L.-C.I.O. v. Textile Workers Union, 7 Cir., 1958, 258 F.2d 743, 748-749 . There, confronted with essentially the same facts as here (except the Board was not joined as a party and did not participate in the case), the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit held that § 301(a) confers upon the Federal courts subject-matter jurisdiction specifically to enforce an arbitration award made pursuant to a non-raiding agreement between two unions, even though the award was contrary to a ruling of the Board certifying one of the unions as exclusive bargaining representative.

The rationale of this decision is stated in the opinion as follows:

Reasoning from the language of § 301 ■(a) itself, and from the Lincoln Mills ■decision permitting the District Courts to grant the usual equitable remedy of specific performance in cases where enforcement of arbitiration clauses in collective bargaining agreements is sought, the Seventh Circuit was able to conclude that arbitration clauses in non-raiding .agreements between unions were specifi•cally enforceable as well.

It is difficult to differ with a literal reading of § 301(a) as conferring jurisdiction over contract disputes “between .any such labor organizations.” [29 U.S. ■C.A. § 185(a).] Indeed the language may be said to be unequivocal. But it seems much less clear that the holding in Lincoln Mills should be applied to cases like that at bar.

Unquestionably the Lincoln Mills decision gives § 301(a) a broad interpretation to confer Federal jurisdiction to descree specific enforcement of arbitration ■clauses in collective bargaining agreements. 353 U.S. at pages 456, 458, 77 S.Ct. at pages 917, 918; see also: Local 205, United Electrical Radio and Mach. Workers of America v. General Electric Company, 1 Cir., 1956, 233 F.2d 85, 90-91 ; affirmed 1957, 353 U.S. 547 , 77 S.Ct. 921 , 1 L.Ed.2d 1028 ; W. L. Mead, Inc. v. International Broth. of Teamsters etc., 1 Cir., 1954, 217 F.2d 6, 8-9 ; Textile Workers Union of America, (C.I.O.) v. American Thread Co., D.C.Mass. 1953, 113 F.Supp. 137, 139-142 ; cf.: Association of Westinghouse Salaried Employees v. Westinghouse Electric Corp., 1955, 348 U.S. 437, 447 , 75 S.Ct. 489 , 99 L.Ed. 510 ; International Broth, of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America, Local Union No. 25, A. F. L. v. W. L. Mead, Inc., 1 Cir., 1956, 230 F.2d 576, 581-582 .

Along the pathway to that decision, the Court confronted the possibility that such an interpretation of § 301(a) might conflict with provisions of the NorrisLaGuardia Act withdrawing jurisdiction [see 29 U.S.C.A. §§ 101 , 104], and declared :

Moreover, the Court there further held that § 301(a) does more than merely confer added jurisdiction upon the Federal courts; that in effect § 301(a) declares the substantive law to be applied in suits brought thereunder to be federal law. 353 U.S. at page 456, 77 S.Ct. at page 917.

It seems nonetheless clear, from the opinion itself, that the Court intended in Lincoln Mills to deal solely with collective bargaining contracts. Indeed, the Court appears to regard § 301(a), in providing rights and remedies under collective bargaining agreements, as filling a definite gap in an area not previously covered by federal legislation. 353 U.S. at page 454, 77 S.Ct. at page 916.

For examples of the effect of the decision in Lincoln Mills on later cases involving arbitration provisions in collective bargaining contracts, see: Engineers Ass’n v. Sperry Gyroscope Company, 2 Cir., 1957, 251 F.2d 133, 134-135 ; Local No. 149 of Am. Federation of Technical Engineers (A.F.L.) v. General Electric Company, 1 Cir., 1957, 250 F.2d 922, 927-930 ; and Minkoff v. Scranton Frocks, Inc., D.C.S.D.N.Y.1959, 172 F.Supp. 870, 873-874 .

In United Textile Workers of America, A.F.L.-C.I.O. v. Textile Workers Union, supra, the Seventh Circuit viewed the holding in Lincoln Mills as “lay[ing] to rest problems of enforcing arbitration clauses.” 258 F.2d at page 749 . With due deference to the wisdom and perspicacity of that learned Court, collective bargaining agreements and non-raiding agreements would seem to stand on decidedly different footings, at least in the context of the purposes for which § 301(a) of the Taft-Hartley Act was enacted.

While much of the legislative history of § 301(a) is not too enlightening, such history does reveal that a major purpose of § 301(a) was to provide for meeting problems arising in actions to enforce collective bargaining contracts, since experience had disclosed the difficulties of acquiring in-personam jurisdiction over labor unions in either State or Federal courts, and there was no existing federal legislation in that area of labor-management relations. [See: S.Rep. No. 1177, 79th Cong., 2d Sess. (1947), quoted in Appendix to opinion of Mr. Justice Frankfurter, dissenting, in Textile Workers Union of America v. Lincoln Mills of Alabama, supra, 353 U.S. at pages 493-502, 77 S.Ct. at pages 939-943; H.R.Rep. No. 510, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. (1947), quoted in U.S.Code Congressional Service, 80th Cong., 1st Sess., 1172-1173 (1947).]

But no such void in federal legislation existed in the area of regulating the selection of employees’ representatives for collective bargaining purposes at the time § 301(a) was enacted. On the contrary, the National Labor Relations Act had granted to the Board jurisdiction to hear the petitions of individual employees or groups of employees, and of employers, to determine questions as to representation. [ 29 U.S.C.A. § 159 (b) and (c).] And the Act also provided that “[t] he Board is empowered * * * to prevent any person from engaging in any unfair labor practice * * * affecting commerce. This power shall not be affected by any other means of adjustment or prevention that has been or may be established by agreement, law, or otherwise * * * ” [ 29 U.S.C.A. § 160 (a).]

This grant of jurisdiction to the Board has always been construed broadly [Bethlehem Steel Co. v. New York State L. R. B., 1947, 330 U.S. 767, 775-776 , 67 S.Ct. 1026 , 91 L.Ed. 1234 ; Amalgamated Utility Workers v. Consolidated Edison Co., 1940, 309 U.S. 261, 264-265, 267-269 , 60 S.Ct. 561 , 84 L.Ed. 738 ], and has been held to confer exclusive jurisdiction in the areas in which the Board has been empowered to act. San Diego Building Trades Council, Millmen’s Union, Local 2020 v. Garmon, 1959, 359 U.S. 236, 243-248 , 79 S.Ct. 773 , 3 L.Ed.2d 775 ; San Diego Building Trades. Council v. Garmon, 1957, 353 U.S. 26, 28-29 , 77 S.Ct. 607 , 1 L.Ed.2d 618 ; Guss. v. Utah L. R. P. 1957, 353 U.S. 1, 9-12 , 77 S.Ct. 598 , 1 L.Ed.2d 601 ; Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen of North America, Local No. 427, A. F. L. v. Fairlawn Meats, Inc., 1957, 353 U.S. 20, 23-24 , 77 S.Ct. 604 , 1 L.Ed.2d 613 ; Garner v. Teamsters, Chauffeurs and Helpers Local Union, etc., 1953, 346 U.S. 485, 488-491 , 74 S.Ct. 161 , 98 L.Ed. 228 ; La Crosse Telephone Corp. v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Board, 1949, 336 U.S. 18, 24-27 , 69 S.Ct. 379 , 93 L.Ed. 463 .

Even in cases decided before the enactment of § 301(a), the Federal courts-recognized the Board’s exclusive jurisdiction, and declined to exercise their own jurisdiction in areas where the Congress had conferred jurisdiction upon the Board. See: National Licorice Co. v. N. L. R. B., 1940, 309 U.S. 350, 365 , 60 S.Ct. 569 , 84 L.Ed. 799 ; Fur Workers Union, Local No. 72 v. Fur Workers Union, 1939, 70 App.D.C. 122 , 105 F.2d 1, 12-13, 14-16 , affirmed 1939, 308 U.S. 522 , 60 S.Ct. 292 , 84 L.Ed. 443 ; Blankenship v. Kurfman, 7 Cir., 1938, 96 F.2d 450, 453-454 ; Lund v. Woodenware Workers Union, D.C.Minn.1937, 19 F.Supp. 607, 609-611 .

Since the enactment of § 301(a), inevitably there has been some overlapping of jurisdiction between the Federal courts and the Board, in cases where the basis for an action on a collective bargaining agreement was also an unfair labor practice under the National Labor Relations Act. [See 29 U.S.C.A. § 158 .] In some of these cases jurisdiction has been held to be exclusive with the Board; while in other cases concurrent jurisdiction has been found to exist. Compare United Electrical Radio & Mach. Workers Union of America v. General Electric Company, 1956, 97 U.S.App.D.C. 306 , 231 F.2d 259 , 261, 262 with United Electrical Radio and Mach. Workers Union v. Worthington Corporation, 1 Cir., 1956, 236 F.2d 364 , 367-368 and Textile Workers Union of America, C. I. O. v. Arista Mills Co., 4 Cir., 1951, 193 F.2d 529, 533-534 ; cf. Local 1976, United Broth. of Carpenters and Joiners of America, A. F. L. v. N. L. R. B., 1958, 357 U.S. 93, 100-101, 105, 108 , 78 S.Ct. 1011 , 2 L.Ed. 2d 1186 .

In the case at bar there is presented a kindred problem of possible overlapping jurisdiction between this Court and the Board under § 301(a) of the Taft-Hartley Act and §§ 7, 9 and 10 of the National Labor Relations Act. [See 29 U.S.C.A. §§ 157 , 159, and 160.] One possible solution to this problem would be to permit each tribunal to act independently in the area of employee representation. Yet different rules of procedure and evidence in each forum would quite probably lead to different answers being given to the same question. Avoidance of just this type of conflict and confusion was a paramount purpose in the enactment of the National Labor Relations Act and the creation of the Board, as the Court explained in Garner v. Teamsters, Chauffeurs and Helpers Local Union, etc., supra:

If the better policy is to confer upon a single tribunal jurisdiction over representational disputes, the precise question is which of two Federal tribunals, this Court or the Board, was intended by the Congress to deal with the particular area of the selection of employees’ collective bargaining representatives, when both tribunals appear on the face of two applicable statutes to have been granted initial jurisdiction. Implicit in this question is of course the further question whether parties may, by private agreement, in effect by-pass one tribunal in favor of the other.

In United Textile Workers of America, A.F.L.-C.I.O. v. Textile Workers Union, supra, 258 F.2d 743 , the Seventh Circuit does not appear to have considered the possible conflict between § 301(a) and the policy expressed in the National Labor Relations Act. 258 F.2d at page 749 . The only other reported decision dealing with the jurisdictional question here presented which has come to my attention is Local 2608, Lumber and Sawmill Workers, United Broth. of Carpenters and Joiners, A.F.L.-C.I.O. v. Millmen’s Local 1495, United Broth, of Carpenters and Joiners, A.F.L.-C.I.O., D.C.N.D.Cal.1958, 169 F.Supp. 765 , where Judge Halbert followed the Seventh Circuit, observing:

An appropriate approach to the always difficult task of integrating two Federal statutes is outlined in Local 1976, United Broth, of Carpenters and Joiners of America, A. F. L. v. N. L. R. B., supra, where the Court explained:

When the two Acts at bar are compared, it is clear that district-court jurisdiction under § 301(a) must be found, if at all, from the words “between any such labor organizations.” [ 29 U.S.C.A. § 185 (a).] But no mention is there made of the type of inter-union contracts over which the District courts may exercise jurisdiction. On the other hand, §§ 7, 9 and 10 of the National Labor Relations Act [see 29 U.S.C.A. §§ 157 , 159, and 160], declare a Congressional policy, developed in detail, whereby the Board is to exercise exclusive jurisdiction in disputes concerning employee representation.

It has never been suggested that § 301(a) impliedly repealed §§ 7 and 9 of the National Labor Relations Act. Cf. Local 205, United Electrical Radio and Mach. Workers of America v. General Electric Company, supra, 233 F.2d at pages 89-90. Moreover, it is to be noted that the Federal courts have traditionally •dealt with disputes which involved only the interests of the parties litigant. This is the type of dispute for which •courts are designed.

On the other hand, there can be little doubt that the Congress expressly empowered an administrative agency to deal with disputes as to employee representa-, tion, because such matters invariably concern more than the interests of the litigants themselves. The interests of the public, of the industries affected, of the unions affected, as well as the individual employees’ right to choose freely their bargaining representatives, all must be considered. An administrative agency, with its flexible procedures, is obviously better able to evaluate all these competing interests, and to determine as well the permissibility of non-raiding agreements in this area, than is a court. [See Meltzer, The Supreme Court, Congress, and State Jurisdiction over Labor Relations II, 59 Col.L.Rev. 292-301 (1959).]

While my great respect for the learning and acumen of the distinguished Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit naturally gives me pause in differing with United Textile Workers of America, A.L.F.-C.I.O. v. Textile Workers Union, supra, the considerations discussed nonetheless impel for me the conclusion that effectuation of the policy of the National Labor Relations Act, in specifically granting jurisdiction to the National Labor Relations Board over representational disputes, restricts ex necessitate the literal meaning of the language in § 301 (a) of the Taft-Hartley Act conferring jurisdiction upon the District courts to enforce agreements “between any such labor organizations.” [ 29 U.S.C.A. § 185 (a).]

The same considerations impel the further conclusion that the non-raiding agreement between plaintiff and defendant unions in this case cannot be permitted to circumvent the policy of the National Labor Relations Act by ousting or limiting the jurisdiction of the Board. [ 29 U.S.C.A. § 160 (a); see: National Licorice Co. v. N. L. R. B., supra, 309 U.S. at page 365, 60 S.Ct. at page 577; N. L. R. B. v. Walt Disney Productions, 9 Cir., 1944, 146 F.2d 44, 47-49 ; cf.: Local 1976, United Broth, of Carpenters and Joiners of America, A. F. L. v. N. L. R. B., supra, 357 U.S. at page 105 , 78 S.Ct. at page 1019 ; Amalgamated Utility Workers v. Consolidated Edison Co., supra, 309 U.S. at pages 264-265, 267-269, 60 S.Ct. at pages 563, 564, 565.]

Accordingly, defendants’ motions to dismiss this action for lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter must be granted. This dismissal shall not of course operate as an adjudication upon the merits. [Fed.lt.Civ.P. rule 41(b).]