Teddie

Defendant was charged by information with kidnaping for the purpose of robbery (Pen. Code § 209), robbery (Pen. Code § 211), burglary (Pen. Code § 459), and grand theft auto (Pen. Code, § 487, subd. 3). Additionally, he was charged with having personally used a firearm in conjunction with each offense (Pen. Code §§ 12022.5, 1203.06). A jury convicted him on all counts, and found each firearm allegation to be true. Defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment with the possibility of parole; he appeals.

Facts

On August 14, 1979, Michael Cleary, night manager at Eddie’s Liquor in Long Beach, went to work at 4 p.m. He closed the store at midnight and arrived at Sam’s Bar, also in Long Beach, at about 12:50 a.m. on August 15. He left the bar at about 1:55 a.m. after drinking three or four bottles of beer.

After leaving the bar, Cleary walked to his car, which was parked about a block away. He got into the car and took out his keys. As he was about to place the key in the ignition, a black man with a black automatic gun told him to move over and open the passenger door; Cleary complied. The man entered the car on the driver’s side and another black man entered on the…