The appeal at bar is from a final judgment entered on March 8, 1950, dismissing the plaintiff’s (Gruen’s) second amended and supplemental complaint on the ground that it failed to state a claim on which relief could be granted and from an order made concurrently striking portions of the complaint on motion of the producer defendants who will be referred to usually hereinafter as Cowan. Jurisdiction in the instant case is based on diversity and judisdictional amount, Gruen being an Ohio corporation and the defendants variously being either citizens of California or of New York. Bulova Watch Company, Inc. (Bulova) has been also named as a party.

The second amended and supplemental complaint alleges the fóllowing: In May of 1948, Kline, a “public relations” man and an agent for Gruen, at Cowan’s instance and request obtained an agreement from four advertisers represented by him for the use of displays and signs in a forthcoming motion picture, “Love Happy”, to be produced by Cowan. Gruen was one of the four advertisers. Kline’s letter of June 22, 1948, attached to the complaint as “Exhibit A”, the terms of which were accepted by the producers, formed the basis of the con tract. Most of the letter is pertinent and we quote it in its entirety:

The second amended, and supplemental complaint alleges that pursuant to the letter Gruen constructed a specially designed advertising display consisting of a very large neon-illuminated clock with the words, “Gruen Watch Time,” at the top. The clock had a huge swinging pendulum and Harpo Marx swung from this in a Hollywood “chase” sequence; that Gruen’s display was used by Cowan in filming the picture in August 1948; that in September and October 1948, Armstrong, Cowan’s publicity director wrote Gruen sending it photographs of the action of the Gruen watch sign in the film and suggested that Gruen might desire to send watches to be displayed in connection with advertising the picture. The complaint alleges also that shortly thereafter and before the film was completed, Gruen gave permission to Cow-an for the publication of an article entitled “Hairbreadth Harpo” with accompanying photographs in the February 7, 1949, issue of Life Magaziné; that at about the same time Gruen released publicity material based on the film to jewelers’ trade papers; that thereafter, on a date not set forth in the complaint, Cowan demanded that Gruen pay $25,000 to Cowan for the purpose of jointly advertising the motion picture and Gruen’s watches; and that Gruen was advised by Cowan that unless the money was paid Cowan would remove the shots of Gruen’s display from the film and substitute a sequence advertising the product of one of Gruen’s competitors. The complaint goes on to allege that Gruen refused to comply and that Cowan, without authority from Gruen, altered the plaintiff’s display by removing the name “Gruen” therefrom and substituting the name “Bulova” in its place, and that the motion picture was released to the public with the name “Bulova” substituted on the display in place of “Gruen”. It is also alleged that Bulova consciously and maliciously interfered with and damaged Gruen’s contract rights.

The complaint prays that Cowan be ordered to delete the name “Bulova” from the motion picture and to restore the name “Gruen” and that Cowan be enjoined permanently from including in the motion picture any shot of any display advertising in any way the product of Bulova, or of any other competitor of Gruen; that Bulova and its agents be enjoined permanently from advertising their products jointly with the motion picture and from using Gruen’s display in the picture. Gruen also seeks both general and exemplary or punitive damages. Cowan and Bulova moved to dismiss the complaint and the court below, not being able to see any foundation for liability against either Cowan or Bulova, granted the motion. D.C., 89 F.Supp. 564 . The appeal at bar followed.

The trial court construed paragraphs 3 and 4 of the letter agreement of June 22, 1948 as providing that Kline’s principal, Gruen, would bear the cost of construction of the display, if it was included in the “final version” of the picture, but if the display was not included in the final version of the picture then Cowan should bear the cost of the construction of the display. According to the view of the court below, since Gruen’s display was not included in the final version, Cowan’s liability was limited to the reimbursement of Gruen for money expended by the latter in preparing the display. In short, the court below adhered very strictly to the terms of the letter of June 22, treating it as constituting the whole agreement between the parties and not subject to any variation or enlargement by parole evidence.

It appears from the allegations of -the complaint that the contract was made in California and was to be executed there at least in large part. The law of California therefore governs. It is the law of California, absent any ambiguity, that the provisions of a contract as written will govern. See Barham v. Barham, 33 Cal.2d 416, 423 , 202 P.2d 289, 293 , and Pacific Portland Cement Co., v. Food Mach. & Chem. Corp., 9 Cir., 178 F.2d 541, 548-553 . The letter contract contains four separate paragraphs. The first paragraph states that Cowan had advised Kline of Cowan’s “plans and intentions” in respect to a motion picture. The second paragraph refers to the “request” made by Cowan to Kline that he obtain “agreements” from 'his, Kline’s, customers for the use of their displays in the picture. Explicit in the paragraph is the suggestion that Kline had procured contracts from his clients, including Gruen, and that they would furnish displays in accordance with the provisions of these contracts. Kline, apparently, was acting as agent both for Gruen and for Cowan. Conceivably, the terms of the agreement made by Kline for Gruen in connection with the motion picture could be immaterial but this is not demonstrated by the pleading. Indeed, the contrary must be assumed at this stage of the proceeding.

Paragraph three of the letter contract provides that the cost of the displays will be borne by Kline’s clients, including Gruen, if the displays are “included” in the “final version” of the picture as released to the general public. The word “included” is also used in the fourth paragraph but it is modified by the adverb “actually” and the phrase “actually included” is modified by the clause “substantially in the manner presently represented to you”. What is the difference in meaning between the word "included” used in paragraph three and the phrase “actually included” used in paragraph four? What was the manner of inclusion “presently represented” to Cowan? Does not the limiting phrase refer to the “agreements” designated in paragraph two? Some significance must be attributed to the use by Kline of the word “actually”, at least at this stage of the proceeding. Substantial ambiguities appear on the face of the letter of June 22, 1948. Another very substantial ambiguity, albeit a less apparent one, arises from the use of the phrase “advertising signs and displays” and the phrase “signs and displays” variously employed in paragraphs two, three and four. If, as the complaint alleges, Cowan made use of Gruen’s display by simply striking out therefrom the word “Gruen” and substituting in lieu thereof the word “Bulova”, did or did not Cowan use Gruen’s display in the final version of the picture? Under the circumstances, was there not an implied undertaking that if Cowan made use of Gruen’s sign it would do so only in order to advertise Gruen’s product?

There are many latent ambiguities as well. Did or did not the letter memorandum imply, an'obligation on the part of Cowan to use Gruen’s name on Gruen’s display, if the display was used at all? Was Cowan entitled under the provisions of the letter agreement or the contract made 'by Kline with Gruen to exact $25,000 from Gruen to be employed, according to Gruen, as a joint fund for advertising the picture and Gruen watches ? If Cowan was not' entitled to make this exaction, was Cowan, guilty of breach of contract? These questions also are ones which cannot be answered by an examination of the letter contract.

We are of the opinion that contemporaneous agreements not inconsistent with the terms of the letter may be introduced here, where reference is made to other agreements. Schmidt v. Cain, 95 Cal.App. 378, 380 , 272 P. 803, 804 . See also Henika v. Lange, 55 Cal.App. 336, 338 , 203 P. 798, 800 , in which it' is stated, “ * * * where a portion only of the contract between the parties has been reduced to writing it is proper to allow parol evidence as to the portion of the agreement not included in writing. Johnson v. [D. H.] Bibb Lumber Co., 140 Cal. 95, 98 , 73 P. 730 [731]; Williams v. Ashhurst [Oil, L. & D. Co.] 144 Cal. 619 , 78 P. 28 .” See also California Annotation, Restatement, Contracts. Extrinsic evidence also may be employed to resolve the ambiguities and uncertainties of the contract. Boddy-Steffner Co. v. Flotill Products, 63 Cal.App.2d 555, 561-562 , 147 P.2d 84, 88 ; Detsch & Co. v. American Products Co., 9 Cir., 152 F.2d 473 -474, and Simmons v. California Institute of Technology, 34 Cal.2d 264 , 209 P.2d 581 .

Gruen contends that by reason of Cowan’s conduct during the nine months’ period subsequent to the execution of the letter agreement Cowan became obligated to use Gruen’s name on Gruen’s display and that in any event Cowan is estopped by Cowan’s conduct and Gruen’s reliance thereon to deny that Cowan had elected to use Gruen’s sign and display. Expressly, we do not pass upon these allegations in order to determine whether or not they present causes of action available to Gruen pursuant to California law. Under our disposition of the instant appeal an opportunity will be afforded to the parties to present any evidence pertinent to the issues set up by the pleading, and any attempt to lay down applicable principles of law in the absence of findings of fact by the trial court would be to do little more in all probability than to render an advisory opinion.

As to the defendant Bulova the complaint specifically alleges that Bulova knowingly and maliciously interfered with Gruen’s contract rights. Paragraph XVI alleges that Bulova, conspiring with Cowan, altered the motion picture containing Gruen’s display by removing the word “Gruen” and substituting in lieu thereof the word “Bulova”; that these acts were committed in order to deprive Gruen of the “reasonably [to be] expected fruits of its agreements and understandings” with Cowan and to injure Gruen’s business, competitive position, dealer relations, reputation and good will. It is the law of California that intentional and unjustifiable interference with contractual relations is actionable. Speegle v. Board of Fire Underwriters, 29 Cal.2d 34 , 172 P.2d 857 . This is true whether the contract is “at the will” of the parties or not. See Romano v. Wilbur Ellis & Co., 82 Cal.App.2d 670 , 186 P.2d 1012 . It does not necessarily follow, therefore, assuming that Cowan had the right not to proceed with Gruen’s display under the contract that Bulova could be substituted for Gruen without liability on the part of either Bulova or Cowan. This issue is one which again cannot properly be determined on the pleadings.

On occasion motions to dismiss supply a useful technique for the prompt disposition of suits, and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure which permit judgment on the pleadings are useful indeed. But it must be borne in mind that in many a suit such a motion cannot take the place of submission of evidence and of findings of fact and conclusions of law. Every motion to dismiss must be viewed in the light of Rule 8(a), (e) and (f), Fed. Rules Civ.Proc. 28 U.S.C.A. Such a motion should not be granted unless it appears clearly that no cause of action is stated. The court below was not concerned with the question as to whether Gruen had a claim on which it is ultimately entitled to prevail but whether the second amended and supplemental complaint, construed in the light most favorable to Gruen, and with all doubts resolved in favor of the complaint’s sufficiency, stated a claim on which relief could be granted. See Leimer v. State Mut. Life Assur. Co., 8 Cir., 108 F.2d 302, 304 . Gruen has set forth at least two grounds, viz., breach of contract and tort, on which, if the proof sustains the allegations, it can recover from Cowan, and has also set forth a ground viz., tortious interference with a contract, if proof can be supplied, on which it can recover from Bulova.

The order of dismissal, appealed from, granting the motions of all of the defendants to dismiss the action, was filed March 6, 1950, and judgment was entered thereon on March 8, 1950. Prior thereto, on February 27, 1950, according to the record, albeit docket entries of this date are none too clear, a “Minute Order to Dismiss” was entered. The second item of this order granted the defendants’ motion to strike parts of the second amended and supplemental complaint, as designated under heading' “III” of the “Statement of Points” filed by Gruen on appeal. To the end that the court below may have a clear field for the reconsideration of the entire subject matter of the instant suit, we vacate this part of the Minute Order. The judgment entered on March 8, 1950 on the order of dismissal filed March 6, 1950 is reversed. The cause is remanded with the direction to proceed in accordance with this .opinion.

. Artists Alliance, Inc., . Lester Cowan Productions and Lester Cowan, individually, are citizens of California. The Bulova Watch Co. is a New York corporation.