INTRODUCTION

C.W. (mother) appeals from an order denying her request to regain custody of

K.M. (daughter) from V.S. (maternal grandmother). Mother contends we must reverse the order because the court did not find mother was an unfit parent and the court based its

decision on a flawed Family Court Services report. We discern no reversible error on the

record provided and affirm the order.

BACKGROUND

In August 2007 the court ordered daughter, who was then five, placed in the sole

custody of maternal grandmother. The court's order permitted mother to have contact

with daughter at times mutually agreed upon by mother and maternal grandmother.

In August 2012 maternal grandmother filed an ex parte application for an order

directing mother to return daughter to San Diego. In the application, maternal

grandmother stated daughter went to visit mother, who lives on the east coast, and mother

refused to return daughter The court granted the application and ordered mother to

immediately return daughter to California. The court's order additionally affirmed

maternal grandmother had sole custody of daughter

The same month, mother requested an order changing custody of daughter to

mother. In an unsworn statement appended to the request, mother claimed mother sent

daughter to live with maternal grandmother in 2006 because mother was having financial

difficulties. Although the record shows mother was a party to the 2007 proceedings

awarding custody of daughter to grandmother, mother claimed that she only authorized

maternal grandmother to have legal guardianship of daughter and did not know maternal

grandmother had sole custody of daughter. Mother further claimed she was now

prepared to care for daughter and wanted custody of her.

2 According to a November 2012 report prepared by Family Court Services,

daughter primarily resided with maternal grandmother and step-grandfather (maternal

grandparents), but had visited with mother each of the two previous summers. During the

most recent visit, mother refused to return daughter until the court ordered her to do so.

Mother indicated she wanted daughter to live with her and daughter wanted this as well.

Daughter wrote a letter and left a voicemail message for maternal grandmother stating

she wanted to stay with mother. Maternal grandmother believed mother had coerced

daughter into doing these things and was inappropriately involving daughter in adult

matters. Mother denied any knowledge of the voicemail message and believed maternal

grandmother was being overly dramatic.

The report recommended that maternal grandmother maintain sole custody of

daughter. The report noted daughter had resided with maternal grandparents since she

was three and "there does not appear to be a reason for a change in the custody

arrangement at this time."

The report also expressed concern about mother's unilateral decision to keep

daughter, as the decision showed disregard for a child-centered parenting plan as well as

for daughter's prior routines and roots in San Diego. In addition, the report expressed

concern that mother placed daughter in the middle of a disagreement and did not see how

this might be emotionally difficult for daughter.

Because of these concerns, the report recommended mother and daughter each

participate in individual counseling. The report also recommended mother's visits with

daughter be supervised.

3 The counselor who prepared the report did not interview daughter. The counselor

explained in the report, "[i]nformation gathered from the mother and the maternal

grandparents was sufficient to make a determination of the child's current experiences

and functioning."

At a subsequent hearing in November 2012, the court adopted the report's

recommendations and denied mother's request for a custody change. The court's minutes

stated, "The terms and conditions of the hearing are reflected in the notes of Court

Reporter." A transcript of the hearing was not included in the appellate record.

Consistent with the report's recommendations, the court's "Findings and Order

After Hearing" stated maternal grandmother had custody of daughter and daughter was to

primarily reside with maternal grandmother. The order permitted mother to have

supervised visits with daughter for up to four hours at a time in San Diego and open,

supervised "virtual visitation." The order directed mother to participate in individual

counseling to develop an understanding of daughter's needs and how to meet them. The

order further directed daughter to participate in counseling to debrief any trauma she may

have experienced during her visit with mother.

DISCUSSION

I

Mother contends we must reverse the court's order because the court never found

mother was unfit to have custody of daughter and there is no evidence supporting such a

finding. However, mother has not established the court was required to make such a

finding in this case.

4 "Family Code section 3020, subdivision (a) declares that 'the health, safety, and

welfare of children shall be the court's primary concern in determining the best interest of

children when making any orders regarding the physical or legal custody or visitation of

children.' Under Family Code section 3040, subdivision (a), parents are first in the order

of preference for a grant of custody, but 'the court and the family' are allowed 'the widest

discretion to choose a parenting plan that is in the best interest of the child.' (Fam. Code,

§ 3040, subd. (b).) Before granting custody to a nonparent over parental objection, the

court must find 'clear and convincing evidence' that 'granting custody to a parent would

be detrimental to the child and that granting custody to the nonparent is required to serve

the best interest of the child.' (Fam. Code, § 3041, subds. (b), (a).)

"In 2002, the Legislature added subdivisions to Family Code section 3041

emphasizing the importance of a stable home environment for the child. [Citation.] It

specified that ' "detriment to the child" includes the harm of removal from a stable

placement of a child with a person who has assumed, on a day-to-day basis, the role of

his or her parent, fulfilling both the child's physical needs and the child's psychological

needs for care and affection, and who has assumed that role for a substantial period of

time. A finding of detriment does not require any finding of unfitness of the parents.'

(Fam. Code, § 3041, subd. (c).) And, 'if the court finds by a preponderance of the

evidence that the person to whom custody may be given is a person described in

subdivision (c), this finding shall constitute a finding that the custody is in the best

interest of the child and that parental custody would be detrimental to the child absent a

showing by a preponderance of the evidence to the contrary.' (Fam. Code, § 3041, subd.

5 (d).) Thus, the Legislature has determined that the critical finding of detriment to the

child does not necessarily turn on parental unfitness. It may be based on the prospect

that a successful, established custodial arrangement would be disrupted." (Guardianship

of Ann S. (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1110, 1123-1124, italics added.) This appears to be the exact

basis for the court's decision in this case.

Additionally, while mother may not have intended for maternal grandmother to

obtain custody of daughter in 2007, the record shows mother was a party to the 2007

proceedings and there is no indication she appealed the court's 2007 decision.

Consequently, the decision has long been final as to mother and mother has not

established its propriety is properly before us in this appeal. Regardless, mother's

original intention in leaving daughter with maternal grandmother has no bearing on

whether returning daughter to mother's custody at this juncture would be detrimental to

daughter or whether leaving daughter in maternal grandmother's custody would be in

daughter's best interest. (Guardianship of Vaughan (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 1055, 1072.)

II

Mother also contends we must reverse the court's order because the court based

the order on a flawed Family Court Services report. The record does not show mother

objected to the report below. Assuming, without deciding, mother has not forfeited her

challenges to the report, we are not persuaded any of the identified flaws warrants

reversal of the order.

Among the identified flaws, mother faults the counselor who prepared the report

for failing to interview people familiar with mother's parenting skills and parental fitness.

6 However, as previously explained in part I, ante, mother's fitness as a parent is not at

issue in this case.

Mother also contends the counselor bonded with and was biased in favor of

maternal grandparents because the counselor was able to have face-to-face meetings with

them. As proof of the bias, mother references the counselor's adverse recommendations.

Generally, adverse decisions are not sufficient to show bias. (See People v. Avila (2009)

46 Cal.4th 680, 696.) Mother has not cited to any authority, nor are we aware of any,

indicating a contrary rule should apply here.

Finally, mother faults the counselor who prepared the report for failing to

interview daughter to determine daughter's wishes. Family Code section 3042,

subdivision (a), provides, "If a child is of sufficient age and capacity to reason so as to

form an intelligent preference as to custody or visitation, the court shall consider, and

give due weight to, the wishes of the child in making an order granting or modifying

custody or visitation." "However, 'there is no absolute requirement that minors always be

interviewed.' " (In re Marriage of Slayton & Biggums-Slayton (2006) 86 Cal.App.4th

653, 659.) "In many cases it may be quite unwise to inquire as to the child's preference;

doing so may destroy what little good will is left between the [parties] or between one of

the [parties] and the child." (Stack v. Stack (1961) 189 Cal.App.2d 357, 364-365.)

This appears to be such a case. The counselor who prepared the report had

obvious concerns about daughter being placed in the middle of a custody dispute between

mother and maternal grandmother. Inferably, the counselor recommended daughter

receive therapy for possible trauma because of these concerns. The counselor also stated

7 in the report that she was able to obtain enough information from mother and maternal

grandparents to make recommendations without speaking with daughter. Moreover,

there is no evidence in the record daughter desired to be interviewed by the counselor or

to speak directly with the court. Additionally, mother's request for a custody change

included a handwritten statement from daughter expressing daughter's desire to stay with

mother. Nothing in the record indicates the court refused or failed to consider this

statement in determining whether a custody change was in daughter's best interest.

Accordingly, mother has not established the counselor's failure to interview the daughter

warrants reversal of the court's order.

DISPOSITION

The order is affirmed.

MCCONNELL, P. J.

WE CONCUR:

NARES, J.

O'ROURKE, J.

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