I.

INTRODUCTION

Appellant Avelino Cortina III appeals from the judgment of the trial court entered

after the trial court confirmed an arbitration award entered against Cortina and in favor of

respondent Wells Fargo Advisors, LLC (Wells Fargo).

During his employment as a financial advisor with Wells Fargo, Cortina signed

three promissory notes. Under the terms of the notes, Cortina agreed to pay any

remaining balances on the notes upon the termination of his employment with Wells

Fargo. Cortina resigned from his position at Wells Fargo, but did not pay the balances on

the promissory notes. Wells Fargo filed a claim for arbitration with the Financial

Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). Wells Fargo prevailed in the arbitration and

was awarded a sum equal to the remaining balances due on the promissory notes.

Cortina petitioned the trial court to vacate the arbitration award, and Wells Fargo

petitioned to have the arbitration award confirmed by the court. The court confirmed the

arbitration award and denied Cortina's petition to vacate the award.

On appeal, Cortina contends that the trial court erred in denying his request to

vacate the arbitration award. Cortina asserts that in denying his motion to compel certain

e-mail evidence from Wells Fargo related to what he suggests were attempts to

restructure the promissory notes with his superiors, the FINRA panel effectively refused

to hear material evidence.

2 We conclude that the arbitration panel's ruling with respect to Cortina's motion to

compel was a decision of law made by the panel, and, as such, is not subject to review by

a court. Further, Cortina has not demonstrated that the arbitration panel failed to hear

pertinent evidence as a result of its denial of his motion to compel. We therefore affirm

the judgment of the trial court.

II.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. Factual background

Cortina was employed as a financial advisor at Citigroup in 2008. At some point,

Cortina decided to move his book of business to Wachovia. Cortina began working for

Wachovia on September 1, 2008. On that date, Cortina signed a promissory note in the

amount of $983,389. On October 3, 2008, Wells Fargo acquired Wachovia.

Pursuant to an "Offer Summary" between Cortina and Wells Fargo, Cortina was to

receive monthly bonus payments that were approximately equal to the monthly payment

that Cortina owed Wells Fargo under the first promissory note, for reasons that are not

apparent from the record. However, on the termination of Cortina's employment, the

outstanding balance on the first promissory note would become immediately due and

payable and the bonus payments would terminate.

Cortina subsequently signed two additional promissory notes, in the amounts of

$275,349 (signed October 15, 2009) and $364,062.46 (signed May 15, 2010). Cortina

was entitled to receive monthly bonus payments that were roughly equal to the monthly

3 payments on the second and third promissory notes, as well, as long as he remained

employed by Wells Fargo.

Cortina resigned from Wells Fargo on June 3, 2011. According to Cortina, prior

to his resignation, he had attempted to restructure the promissory notes. However,

"[w]hen the parties reached an impasse, [Cortina] resigned." Cortina failed to pay the

outstanding balances on the promissory notes.1

B. Procedural background

Wells Fargo filed a statement of claim for arbitration against Cortina with FINRA

on or around January 5, 2012. The claim alleged that Cortina failed to pay money owed

to Wells Fargo on the three promissory notes that became due and payable upon Cortina's

termination of employment with Wells Fargo.

At the conclusion of the arbitration process, the arbitration panel entered an award

in favor of Wells Fargo in the amount of $1,568,786.20, plus $15,000 for attorney fees.

Cortina petitioned the trial court to vacate the arbitration award, on several

grounds. Approximately three months later, Wells Fargo filed a cross-petition to confirm

the arbitration award. Wells Fargo also filed an opposition to Cortina's petition to vacate

the arbitration award.

The trial court granted Wells Fargo's petition to confirm the arbitration award, and

denied Cortina's petition to vacate the award. The court entered judgment against Cortina

1 At the time of Cortina's resignation, the balances on the three notes were $794,775.86, $287,144.20, and $340,124. 4 on August 29, 2013, in the amount of $1,568,786.20 plus interest and fees. Cortina filed

a timely notice of appeal.

III.

DISCUSSION

A. Legal standards

We review de novo a trial court's ruling regarding a petition to confirm or vacate

an arbitration award. (Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp. (1994) 9 Cal.4th 362,

376, fn. 9.)

"[I]t is the general rule that, with narrow exceptions, an arbitrator's decision cannot

be reviewed [by a court] for errors of fact or law." (Moncharsh v. Heily & Blase (1992) 3

Cal.4th 1, 11 (Moncharsh).) "Ensuring arbitral finality . . . requires that judicial

intervention in the arbitration process be minimized. [Citations.] Because the decision to

arbitrate grievances evinces the parties' intent to bypass the judicial system and thus

avoid potential delays at the trial and appellate levels, arbitral finality is a core

component of the parties' agreement to submit to arbitration. Thus, an arbitration

decision is final and conclusive because the parties have agreed that it be so. By ensuring

that an arbitrator's decision is final and binding, courts simply assure that the parties

receive the benefit of their bargain." (Id. at p. 10, italics omitted.)

"[T]he Legislature has reduced the risk to the parties of [an erroneous] decision

[by an arbitrator] by providing for judicial review in circumstances involving serious

problems with the award itself, or with the fairness of the arbitration process."

5 (Moncharsh, supra, 3 Cal.4th at p. 12.) For example, Code of Civil Procedure2 section

1286.2 sets forth the grounds for vacating an arbitrator's award. That section states in

pertinent part:

"(a) [T]he court shall vacate the award if the court determines that: [¶] (1) The award was procured by corruption, fraud or other undue means. [¶] (2) There was corruption in any of the arbitrators. [¶] (3) The rights of the party were substantially prejudiced by misconduct of a neutral arbitrator. [¶] (4) The arbitrators exceeded their powers and the award cannot be corrected without affecting the merits of the decision upon the controversy submitted. [¶] (5) The rights of the party were substantially prejudiced by the refusal of the arbitrators to postpone the hearing upon sufficient cause being shown therefor or by the refusal of the arbitrators to hear evidence material to the controversy or by other conduct of the arbitrators contrary to the provisions of this title. [¶] (6) An arbitrator making the award either: (A) failed to disclose within the time required for disclosure a ground for disqualification of which the arbitrator was then aware; or (B) was subject to disqualification upon grounds specified in Section 1281.91 but failed upon receipt of timely demand to disqualify himself or herself as required by that provision. However, this subdivision does not apply to arbitration proceedings conducted under a collective bargaining agreement between employers and employees or between their respective representatives."3

2 Further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.

3 In addition, section 1286.6 provides limited grounds for the correction of an arbitration award, providing in pertinent part: "[T]he court, unless it vacates the award pursuant to Section 1286.2, shall correct the award and confirm it as corrected if the court determines that: [¶] (a) There was an evident miscalculation of figures or an evident mistake in the description of any person, thing or property referred to in the award; [¶] (b) The arbitrators exceeded their powers but the award may be corrected without affecting the merits of the decision upon the controversy submitted; or [¶] (c) The award is imperfect in a matter of form, not affecting the merits of the controversy." 6 "In light of these statutory provisions, the residual risk to the parties of an

arbitrator's erroneous decision represents an acceptable cost—obtaining the expedience

and financial savings that the arbitration process provides—as compared to the judicial

process." (Moncharsh, supra, 3 Cal.4th at p. 13.)

"When parties contract to resolve their disputes by private arbitration, their

agreement ordinarily contemplates that the arbitrator will have the power to decide any

question of contract interpretation, historical fact or general law necessary, in the

arbitrator's understanding of the case, to reach a decision. [Citations.] Inherent in that

power is the possibility the arbitrator may err in deciding some aspect of the case.

Arbitrators do not ordinarily exceed their contractually created powers simply by

reaching an erroneous conclusion on a contested issue of law or fact, and arbitral awards

may not ordinarily be vacated because of such error, for ' "[t]he arbitrator's resolution of

these issues is what the parties bargained for in the arbitration agreement." ' [Citation.]"

(Gueyffier v. Ann Summers, Ltd. (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1179, 1185.)

B. Analysis

Cortina contends that the trial court should have vacated the arbitration award

against him pursuant to section 1286.2, subdivision (a)(5), on the ground that he was

" 'substantially prejudiced . . . by the refusal of the arbitrators to hear evidence material to

the controversy.' " According to Cortina, he requested from Wells Fargo "all e-mails

regarding my promissory notes and this arbitration," but Wells Fargo "denied his

requests, arguing that evidence relating to this restructuring is irrelevant." Wells Fargo

7 produced 12 e-mails in response to Cortina's request. According to Cortina, there were

far more than 12 e-mails in Wells Fargo's possession that included discussions regarding

the promissory notes at issue.

Cortina filed with the arbitration panel a motion to compel additional e-mail

communications from Wells Fargo, but the panel denied his motion. Cortina is now

attempting to frame that ruling as one that resulted in the arbitration panel "refus[ing] to

hear pertinent evidence to the controversy." We disagree. The arbitration panel's

discovery ruling is not reviewable by a court, even if the panel's decision resulted from an

error of law. Further, Cortina has not established that the evidence in the e-mails was

relevant to the arbitration proceeding.

"Discovery in arbitration is generally limited." (Berglund v. Arthroscopic & Laser

Surgery Center of San Diego, L.P. (2008) 44 Cal.4th 528, 534 (Berglund).) Further, all

discovery disputes between parties to an arbitration agreement must be submitted "to the

arbitral, not the judicial, forum." (Id. at p. 535.) " 'It is the job of the arbitrator, not the

court, to resolve all questions needed to determine the controversy. [Citation.] The

arbitrator, and not the court, decides questions of procedure and discovery. [Citations.]' "

(Briggs v. Resolution Remedies (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 1395, 1400.)

"Arbitrators do not 'exceed[] their powers' within the meaning of [the arbitration

provisions in the Code of Civil Procedure] 'merely by rendering an erroneous decision on

a legal or factual issue, so long as the issue was within the scope of the controversy

submitted to the arbitrators. "The arbitrator's resolution of these issues is what the parties

8 bargained for in the arbitration agreement." [Citation.]' [Citation.]" In short, 'having

submitted the [discovery] issue to arbitration, [a party] cannot maintain the arbitrator[]

exceeded [his or her] powers, within the meaning of section 1286.6, subdivision (b), by

deciding it, even if [he or she] decided it incorrectly.' [Citation.]" (Alexander v. Blue

Cross of California (2001) 88 Cal.App.4th 1082, 1089.) Thus, even if an arbitrator's

discovery ruling was incorrect, reviewing that decision for correctness is not within the

court's authority. (Moncharsh. supra, 3 Cal.4th at p. 28.)

Cortina is, in effect, asking us to review the arbitration panel's ruling regarding his

discovery motion by contending that the arbitration panel's decision prevented the panel

from reviewing evidence material to the arbitration. However, rulings regarding

discovery and procedure are within the arbitration panel's authority, and we are without

power to review those rulings, even if erroneous.

In any event, Cortina's contention that he was "substantially prejudiced" by the

"failure of the Panel to hear material evidence" is belied by his own acknowledgment that

the e-mails that he sought in discovery involved, at most, discussions concerning

Cortina's attempt to restructure the promissory notes. Acknowledging that his attempt to

restructure the notes was unsuccessful, Cortina admits that he resigned "[w]hen the

parties reached an impasse" with respect to any restructuring. Cortina has not established

that the e-mails that he sought in discovery are at all relevant to the material question at

issue in the arbitration—i.e., whether Cortina was under an obligation to pay the

9 remaining balances on the promissory notes that he signed in favor of Wells Fargo once

his employment with Wells Fargo terminated.

The arbitration panel did not refuse to "hear material evidence" in denying

Cortina's motion to compel Wells Fargo to produce all of the e-mails related to Cortina's

attempt to restructure the promissory notes.

IV.

DISPOSITION

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

AARON, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

NARES, J.

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