OPINION

Mortgages Ltd. was a private lender for certain real estate investments in Arizona. Mortgages Ltd. raised money from investors to extend loans to real estate purchasers, secured by the purchased real estate, and acted as servicing agent for the loans and properties. The investors received “pass-through” fractional interests in the real estate that secured the loans and the resulting loan payments. The pass-through investors acquired an actual interest in each underlying loan.

On June 24, 2008, Mortgages Ltd. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The company was restructured through a confirmed bankruptcy plan. Pursuant to that plan, the entity ML Manager LLC (ML Manager), the appellee here, manages and oper ates' the loans left in Mortgages Ltd.’s portfolio. ML Manager took a $20 million loan in “exit financing” to pay for expenses related to the completed bankruptcy. The bankruptcy plan was confirmed by the bankruptcy court in May 2009.

After confirmation, ML Manager sought to sell some of the loans in Mortgages Ltd.’s portfolio. In response, a group of pass-through investors (Rev Op Group) objected to the sales. Rev Op Group and ML Manager then moved, essentially, for cross-declaratory judgments to resolve ML Manager’s powers regarding Mortgages Ltd.’s portfolio.

Rev Op Group moved for partial summary judgment on the ground that because ML Manager acted as “agent” for each investor, it could not sell the properties if any investor, the “principal,” objected. According to Rev Op Group, if ML Manager sought to sell properties over its. objection, the investors in Rev Op Group could simply revoke the agency. ML Manager responded that it did not have simple agency authority, revocable at will by the principal. Instead, it claimed that it held an interest in Mortgage Ltd.’s underlying loan pool, which gave ML Manager an “agency coupled with an interest,” which is not revocable under Arizona law. See Phoenix Title & Trust Co. v. Grimes, 101 Ariz. 182 , 416 P.2d 979, 981 (1966) (in banc).

Simultaneously, ML Manager moved for a declaratory judgment that all investors had executed documents designating ML Manager as agent and that those agency' documents had been properly transferred to ML Manager. Rev Op Group denied that it had executed the agreements. According to Rev Op Group, while its investors had signed “Subscription” and “Revolving Opportunity” 'agreements, the investors had not signed versions of those agreements that included a provision binding all signers to an agency relationship with ML Manager. Rev Op Group also argued that even if its members had executed the agreements that included the agency provision, the agreements were not properly assigned to ML Manager.

At a hearing on the cross-motions, the bankruptcy court requested and received supplemental briefs on whether the “plausibility” standard outlined in the then recent Supreme Court decisions of Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 , 127 S.Ct. 1955 , 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007), and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 , 129 S.Ct. 1937 , 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009), governed the denials made by Rev Op Group of the allegations in ML Manager’s complaint.

On July 27, 2010, the bankruptcy court ruled that Rev Op Group’s denials would only be accepted as true if the denials were plausible. On the same day, the court resolved, on the pleadings alone, both Rev Op Group’s motion for partial summary judgment and ML Manager’s motion for a declaratory judgment. The bankruptcy court held that Rev Op Group’s denials were implausible, because Rev Op Group admitted the investors had signed documents with the same name as those that included agency agreements. Because the denials were implausible, the bankruptcy court held that the Rev Op Group investors had executed the agency agreement with ML Manager. The bankruptcy court also denied Rev Op Group’s motion for partial summary judgment, ruling that ML Manager had an agency coupled with an interest and that ML Manager was properly assigned the agency agreements.

Thus, after this “Declaratory Judgment,” ML Manager had irrevocable authority, subject to possible review by the bankruptcy court under a “business judgment” standard, to sell or liquidate the interests in property of any investors, in- eluding objecting investors like the Rev Op Group, foreclose on property of the estate, modify the terms of the outstanding loan properties, and recover costs and expenses from all investors.

Armed with this order, ML Manager moved to sell two properties in the portfolio. On August 30, 2010, Rev Op Group moved to stay the Declaratory Judgment. The motion to stay was denied by the bankruptcy court on September 10, 2010, because the bankruptcy court concluded that ML Manager needed to liquidate the properties for the benefit of all investors, who would suffer serious harm if the orders were stayed unless Rev Op Group paid a large -bond as security. Rev Op Group stated that it could not afford such an expensive bond. Rev Op Group appealed the denial of the motion to stay to the district court, which affirmed the bankruptcy court on October 12, 2010.

In March and November of 2011, ML Manager moved to sell two other properties pursuant to the Declaratory Judgment. The bankruptcy court overruled Rev Op Group’s objections and approved the property sales.

Rev Op Group appealed from all of these orders to the district court. On January 10, 2012, the district court affirmed the bankruptcy court’s order approving one of the property sales, and held that ML Manager had an agency coupled with an interest and had properly applied its business judgment.

On February 15, 2012, having previously concluded that ML Manager held an agency coupled with an interest, the district court affirmed the rest of the bankruptcy court’s Declaratory Judgment. The district court held that Rev Op Group’s denials that investors had executed the agreements attached to ML Manager’s declaratory judgment complaint were a “sham” and thus should be disregarded. The district court also affirmed that the agency agreements were properly assigned to ML Manager.

On May 2 and July 6, 2012, the district court affirmed the other property sales based upon its prior rulings regarding ML Manager’s irrevocable agency authority, proper assignment, and Rev Op Group’s sham denials of executing the agency agreements.

Rev Op Group filed timely notices of appeal from each district court order. In this opinion, we address only its appeal of the Declaratory Judgment. We have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158 (d)(1).

I.

ML Manager moves to dismiss this appeal as equitably moot. Although we dismiss Rev Op Group’s appeals from the sales orders as equitably moot in a concurrently filed memorandum disposition, we must separately examine this appeal to determine whether to dismiss it as equitably moot. In re Filtercorp, Inc., 163 F.3d 570, 577-78 (9th Cir.1998) (holding that an appeal from a sale order was moot, but the appeal from a related order was not moot); In re AOV Indus., Inc., 792 F.2d 1140, 1147-48 (D.C.Cir.1986) (holding that to determine equitable mootness, “a court cannot avoid its obligation to scrutinize each individual claim, testing the feasibility of granting the relief against its potential impact on the reorganization scheme as a whole”). We analyze whether each appeal is equitably moot separately because awarding relief to the appellant in one appeal may threaten the equitable disposition of the bankruptcy estate, but awarding relief in another may pose no harm to the estate or third parties.

We examine four considerations to determine whether the appeal from the Declaratory Judgment is equitably moot.

In re Thorpe Insulation Co., 677 F.3d 869, 881 (9th Cir.2012).

1.

Unlike in Rev Op Group v. ML Manager LLC, Nos. 12-15234 & 12-15459 and In re Roberts Farms, Inc., 652 F.2d 793, 798 (9th Cir.1981), Rev Op Group sought a stay of the Declaratory Judgment, but could not obtain it. Rev Op Group thus did not sit on its rights. It diligently pursued this appeal. Though Rev Op Group could not obtain a stay from the bankruptcy or district court because of the high cost of the bond necessary to secure the appeal, we are cautious about not giving a party who is diligent&emdash;as Rev Op Group has been in this case&emdash;an opportunity to present its appeal. Thorpe, 677 F.3d at 881 .

2.

We next turn to whether substantial consummation of the plan has occurred. Id. at 882 . We conclude that it has. “Substantial consummation” as defined in the Bankruptcy Code means:

11 U.S.C. § 1101 (2). We clarify that the “transfers” referenced in subsection (A) differ from the “distributions” referenced in subsection (C). Subsection (A)’s “transfers of property” are those that are necessary to accomplish reorganization and to shape the new financial structure of the debtor. Such transfers often take place on or shortly after the effective date of a confirmed plan and may include the transfer of a security interest to unsecured creditors, a transfer of stock to creditors or third parties, a transfer of promissory notes to creditors, transfers of property to secured creditors in satisfaction of their claims, or transfers of property by third parties to the debtor. See Antiquities of Nev., Inc. v. Bala Cynwyd Corp. (In re Antiquities of Nev., Inc.), 173 B.R. 926, 929-30 (9th Cir. BAP 1994). Subsection (C)’s “distributions,” on the other hand, are payments to creditors in satisfaction of the debtor’s debts. “Substantial consummation” requires completion or near completion of the former, but only commencement of the latter. Id.

Here, with respect to subsection (A), the plan proposed various reorganizational transfers of property, including transfer of non-loan assets and stock in the reorganized debtor to the liquidating trust. All or substantially all of the property proposed by the plan to be transferred was transferred shortly after the plan was confirmed. Subsection (B) was satisfied when ML Manager undisputedly assumed management of all or substantially all of the property dealt with by the plan. Subsection (C) was satisfied once ML Manager commenced distribution of property to creditors, both from exit financing funds and from liquidated property. We therefore conclude that the plan was “substantially consummated” under 11 U.S.C. § 1101 (2).

Substantial consummation of a bankruptcy plan often brings with it a comprehensive change in circumstances that renders appellate review of the merits of the plan impractical. First Fed. Bank of Cal. v. Weinstein (In re Weinstein), 227 B.R. 284, 289 (9th Cir. BAP 1998). But this is not always the case. Thus, “the fact that a plan is substantially consummated ... does not, by itself, render an appeal moot.” Id. We must still consider whether, despite substantial consummation, we can fashion effective relief. Id. To do so, we analyze the final two factors from Thorpe.

3.

Therefore, we next consider “whether modification of the plan of reorganization would bear unduly on the innocent.” Thorpe, 677 F.3d at 882 (internal quotation marks omitted). Unlike in the companion case, modification of the Declaratory Judgment would not “affect third party interests to such an extent that the change is inequitable.” Id. Regardless of whether we reverse the legal basis for the sales, Rev Op Group could not disturb past sales because we have dismissed the appeals of the sale orders. If we were now to reverse the Declaratory Judgment, we would alter ML Manager’s ability to act as agent for objecting investors like Rev Op Group, but that would only affect prospective sales of property to third parties, and perhaps prospective distributions. That would not unduly bear on innocent third parties.

4.

Finally, “and most importantly,” we look to whether the bankruptcy court on remand would be able to devise an equitable remedy. Id. at 883 . If we reversed the Declaratory Judgment on any of the bases Rev Op Group argues were erroneous, the bankruptcy court could proceed to discovery on whether Rev Op Group’s denials were legally sufficient, or require ML Manager to act with Rev Op Group’s consent, or require that ML Manager properly transfer the agency agreements. This would be equitable, if “incomplete,” relief that would not “totally [ ] upset the [bankruptcy] plan.” Id.

The appeal of the Declaratory Judgment is not equitably moot. Unlike in the companion case, Rev Op Group diligently pursued its rights by seeking a stay of the Declaratory Judgment Order, even though it was unable to obtain the stay. Although substantial consummation of the bankruptcy plan has occurred, modification of the order would not inequitably affect innocent third parties. Moreover, “there are many options open to the bankruptcy court other than complete plan reversal that can remedy some of [Rev Op Group’s] claims if proved valid.” Id.

II.

Rev Op Group challenges the Declaratory Judgment on three grounds. First, Rev Op Group argues that the • bankruptcy court erred in subjecting its denials that its investors had signed the agency agreements to a “plausibility standard,” and then rejecting those denials as implausible. Second, Rev Op Group argues that even if the denials were implausible and the court properly determined that Rev Op Group was subject to the agency agreements, ML Manager does not hold an irrevocable agency power. Third, Rev Op Group argues that the bankruptcy court erred in holding that the agency agreements were properly transferred to ML Manager.

We review legal decisions of the bankruptcy court de novo, and without deference to the district court’s decisions during the initial appeal. In re Cossu, 410 F.3d 591, 595 (9th Cir.2005). We also review a judgment on the pleadings de novo, and affirm if, taking all factual allegations in Rev Op Group’s pleadings as true, ML Manager is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Marshall Naify Revocable Trust v. United States, 672 F.3d 620, 623 (9th Cir.2012).

The bankruptcy court erred in concluding that Rev Op Group is bound to the agency agreements, because Rev Op Group had denied in. its answer that its investors had signed any documents that included the agency provisions. Under the federal pleading rules, which apply to adversary proceedings in bankruptcy court, see Fed. R. BANKR.P. 7008(a), a court cannot disregard statements in a pleading unless the court specifically determines that the statement was made in bad faith under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11, or should be struck under Rule 12(f). PAE Gov’t Servs., Inc. v. MPRI, Inc., 514 F.3d 856, 859-60 (9th Cir.2007). A court can only disregard statements in a pleading under Rule 11 if the court “invoke[s] the rule’s procedural safeguards” and “employ[s] the rule’s substantive standard ... that [the party or its counsel] acted in bad faith.” Id. at 859 . A court can only strike a statement in a pleading under Rule 12(f) if the statement is “(1) an insufficient defense; (2) redundant; (3) immaterial; (4) impertinent; or (5) scandalous.” Whittlestone, Inc. v. Handi-Craft Co., 618 F.3d 970, 973-74 (9th Cir.2010), citing Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(f).

The bankruptcy court here followed neither Rule 11 nor Rule 12(f). In its Declaratory Judgment, the court did not invoke the procedural safeguards of Rule 11, or determine that the denials were made in bad faith. Nor can Rev Op Group’s denials be properly struck under Rule 12(f). The bankruptcy court never cited Rule 12(f) or its bankruptcy rule, equivalent. Additionally, Rev Op Group’s denials were a sufficient defense to ML Manager’s complaint, because if the denials are true, Rev Op Group would not be bound to the agency agreement pleaded by ML Manager. Rev Op Group’s denials were not redundant, immaterial, impertinent or scandalous.

Though we review only the bankruptcy court’s order, not the district court’s affir-mance, Cossu, 410 F.3d at 595 , we point out that the district court’s similar disregard for the denials was also erroneous. The district court held that Rev Op Group’s denials were “simply untenable”' and “obviously” “frivolous and a sham,” citing our decision in Harvey Aluminum (Inc.) v. NLRB, 335 F.2d 749, 758 (9th Cir.1964).

In Harvey Aluminum, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) brought an administrative action against a company, Harvey Aluminum, for a violation of the National Labor Relations Act. Id. at 751 . The NLRB also sued General Engineering, a company the NLRB alleged was “affiliated” with Harvey Aluminum, and thus could be treated as a “single employer” with Harvey Aluminum, both subject to the NLRB’s jurisdiction. Id. at 757 . In its answer to the complaint, General Engineering denied the information in the complaint, but offered no factual allegations to challenge the NLRB’s pleading. Id. The NLRB trial examiner ruled that the failure to respond “would be taken as a concession that the relationship between Harvey [Aluminum] and General [Engineering] during the relevant period was such that they might properly be treated as a single employer.” Id. General Engineering appealed this ruling, and we affirmed.

Under the federal regulations governing NLRB administrative actions, an answer to a complaint had to be signed by the respondent’s attorney, and if it is not signed or “is signed with intent to defeat the purpose of this rule, it may be stricken as sham and false and the action may proceed as though the answer had not been served.” Id. at 757 n. 31, quoting 29 C.F.R. § 102.21 . We compared the federal regulation to “comparable provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,” including what was then the “essentially identical” Rule 11. Id. at 758 & n. 32. We stated that under the comparable Federal Rules, “an answer asserting want of knowledge sufficient to form a belief as to the truth of facts alleged in a complaint does not serve as a denial if the assertion of ignorance is obviously sham,” and that “[i]n such circumstances the facts alleged in the complaint stand admitted.” Id. at 758 . Thus, we held that the trial examiner was justified under the federal regulation in refusing to accept “clearly frivolous” statements in an answer. Id.

In 1964, Rule 11 was “essentially identical” to 29 C.F.R. § 102.21 , stating that if a pleading “is not signed or is signed with intent to defeat the purpose of this rule, it may be stricken as sham and false and the action may proceed as though the pleading had not been served.” See Ely Valley Mines, Inc. v. Lee, 385 F.2d 188 , 191 n. 1 (9th Cir.1967), quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 11. Our sister circuits and treatises thus correctly understood our holding in Harvey Aluminum as authorizing both NLRB trial examiners and federal courts applying the federal rules to disregard statements in answers when the statements were “obviously sham.” See Am. Photocopy Equip. Co. v. Rovico, Inc., 359 F.2d 745, 747 (7th Cir.1966); 5 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, et al., Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ. § 1262 n. 13 (3d ed.).

But Rule 11 is no longer “essentially identical” to 29 C.F.R. § 102.21 . In 1983, the Rule 11 provision that authorized district courts to “strike pleadings ... as sham and false ... was eliminated.” PAE Gov’t, 514 F.3d at 859 n. 3. One of the purposes of eliminating that provision was to stop decisions that “ ‘tended to confuse the issue of attorney honesty with the merits of the action.’ ” 5A Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ. § 1336.3 (3d ed.), citing Advisory Committee Note to the 1983 amendments, reprinted at 97 F.R.D. 165 , 199. After the 1983 amendments to Rule 11, “absent a finding of bad faith, factual allegations in the complaint (or answer) must be tested through the normal mechanisms for adjudicating the merits.” PAE Gov’t, 514 F.3d at 859 n. 3 (emphasis added). Thus, our suggestion in Harvey Aluminum that a district court has “free-standing authority to strike pleadings simply because” it believes them to be a sham is no longer valid. See PAE Gov’t, 514 F.3d at 859 . Instead, the “district court’s powers are generally limited to those provided by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” Id. The district court erred in holding that Rev Op Group’s denials of the allegations in ML Manager’s complaint were a sham without using “the mechanism for doing so,” which is Rule 11. Id.

In sum, courts cannot examine statements in an answer or other pleading and decide, on the basis of their own intuition that the statements are implausible or a sham and thus can be disregarded. Factual allegations in a pleading, as opposed to legal conclusions, must be presumed to be true. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 , 127 S.Ct. 1955 . Both the bankruptcy and district court erred here by “effectively resolv[ing] those allegations” in Rev Op Group’s denials “on the merits,” instead of reviewing them for legal sufficiency. PAE Gov’t, 514 F.3d at 858 .

Perhaps Rev Op Group’s denials are implausible. Perhaps the denials should be deemed a sham under Rule 11. But the bankruptcy court did not find that the denials were made in bad faith, nor were the denials liable to be stricken under Rule 12(f). We reiterate that in the absence of any such findings, “factual allegations in the complaint (or answer) must be tested through normal mechanisms for adjudicating the merits.” Id. at 859 n. 3. We reverse the bankruptcy court’s determination in its Declaratory Judgment that each member of the Rev Op Group had executed the agency agreements, and was “to be bound to” those agreements.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

. We resolve Rev Op Group’s appeals of the property sales in a concurrently filed memorandum disposition. Rev Op Grp. v. ML Manager LLC, Nos. 12-15229, 12-15438, 12-16293 & 12-16725. We also publish with this Opinion an Opinion in other Rev Op Group appeals from the "Clarification Order” and “Distribution Order.” Rev Op Grp. v. ML Manager LLC, Nos. 12-15234 & 12-15459. . The text of 29 C.F.R. § 102.21 has not changed since 1964, so our holding in Harvey Aluminum is still authoritative in the context of administrative actions brought by the NLRB.