Opinion

The Estate of Buckminster Fuller (Estate), through its co-executors, appeals from a judgment on the pleadings holding that Alterra Excess and Surplus Insurance Company (Alterra) had no duty to defend, and therefore no duty to indemnify, its insured in an action brought by the Estate against the insured. The basis of the judgment was that an exclusion in the Alterra policy, referred to by all below as the “intellectual property” exclusion, applied to preclude any obligation on the part of Alterra. We reach the same conclusion, and we affirm.

BACKGROUND

General Historical Background

R. Buckminster Fuller, nicknamed “Bucky” (Fuller), was a celebrated designer, author, and inventor. He was credited with many, and diverse, creations, and was particularly well known for popularizing the geodesic dome. He died in 1983. According to the Estate’s own pleadings, in 1985 it registered its claim as the successor in interest to all of Fuller’s rights, and has “licensed those rights on many occasions. The licensees include Apple Computer, which used Bucky’s image (along with those of John Lennon, Pablo Picasso, Albert Einstein, Mahatma Gandhi, Frank Lloyd Wright and others) in its ‘Think Different’ advertising campaign. In 2004, the U.S. Postal Service licensed the rights to Bucky’s image for a postage stamp. The stamp artwork is a painting which originally appeared on the cover of Time magazine in 1964 depicting Bucky’s head in the pattern of a geodesic dome. In 2003, Xerox Corporation licensed rights to Bucky’s name and likeness.” In short, it appears that various commercial enterprises have used Fuller, and perhaps his nickname, to assist in the marketing of their products.

At some point, Maxfield & Oberton Holdings, LLC (Maxfield), entered the picture, attempting to do just that — apparently without permission or payment. Specifically:

Beginning at least as early as 2009, Maxfield manufactured and distributed several products under the Buckyball and related trademarks. Again according to the Estate’s pleadings, these items included several variations on Buckyballs, Buckyball gift packs, Buckycubes, Bucky sidekick, and The Big Book of Bucky. Elaborating, the Estate described some of this as follows:

Such conduct was the basis of the first of the two lawsuits involved here: the Estate’s action alleging that the commercial use of Fuller’s name was not authorized.

Procedural Background

The Underlying Action

On May 18, 2012, the Estate filed an action against Maxfield in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California: Estate of Buckminster Fuller v. Maxfield & Oberton Holdings, LLC (N.D.Cal. 2012) 906 F.Supp.2d 997 (for consistency with the briefing, the underlying action). The underlying action alleged four claims: (1) unfair competition in violation of 15 United States Code section 1125 (a) — Lanham Act ( 15 U.S.C. § 1051 et seq.); (2) invasion of privacy (appropriation of name and likeness); (3) unauthorized use of name and likeness in violation of Civil Code section 3344.1; and (4) violation of Business and Professions Code section 17200 et seq. The Estate represented to the district court that the underlying action was properly venued in San Francisco because it was an “intellectual property matter.”

Max Specialty Insurance Co., a predecessor to Alterra, had issued an insurance policy to Maxfield that had become effective June 4, 2010, the specific terms of which will be discussed in detail below. Maxfield tendered defense of the underlying action to Alterra, which agreed to defend under a reservation of rights and appointed Cumis counsel (San Diego Federal Credit Union v. Cumis Ins. Society, Inc. (1984) 162 Cal.App.3d 358 [ 208 Cal.Rptr. 494 ]; see Civ. Code, § 2860) to defend the case.

Soon thereafter Alterra filed the second lawsuit involved here: the action for declaratory relief.

The Coverage Action

On August 1, 2012, Alterra filed suit in the San Francisco Superior Court, naming two defendants, Maxfield and the Estate (the coverage action). The complaint sought declaratory relief and reimbursement, more specifically a declaration that Alterra’s policy did not provide coverage and therefore Alterra had no duty to defend. According to Alterra, it named the Estate as a defendant so as to bind it by the outcome of the coverage action because, as a potential judgment creditor of Maxfield, the Estate could have a claim against Alterra should it prevail in the underlying action. (Ins. Code, § 11580.)

The Estate’s involvement in the coverage action — at least its initial involvement — was short lived, as by October 29, the Estate and Alterra entered into a stipulation under which the Estate would be dismissed from the coverage action without prejudice in return for the agreement to be bound by it. The stipulation was signed on behalf of the Estate by its attorney, Thomas A. Cohen. The coverage action continued against Maxfield.

On December 10, 2012, Alterra filed a first amended complaint, with 28 paragraphs of allegations.

On that same day, Maxfield filed its answer to the first amended complaint, signed by Marc R. Lewis, of the firm of Lewis & Llewellyn, LLR Tellingly, that answer acknowledged that Alterra’s position was well founded — and Alterra was entitled to the declaratory judgment it sought. Specifically, Maxfield’s answer admitted all 28 paragraphs in the amended complaint; stated that Maxfield had “no affirmative defenses”; and prayed for a judicial declaration that Alterra had no duty to defend or indemnify Maxfield.

With that, on January 8, 2013, Alterra filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings, set for hearing on February 4. This caused the Estate, and apparently its attorney, Cohen, to stir, and to reenter the case, despite its earlier stipulation to be dismissed from it.

Beginning in mid-January 2013, and acting without leave of court, the Estate on its own behalf filed a general denial to Alterra’s first amended complaint. Then, on January 22, 2013, purporting to act as the “Assignee of the [Maxfield] Liquidating Trust,” the Estate filed a first amended answer which denied the allegations of Alterra’s first amended complaint. On that same date, and again purporting to act as “as assignee of the [Maxfield] Liquidating Trust,” the Estate filed opposition to Alterra’s motion for judgment on the pleadings. All the pleadings were signed by Attorney Cohen.

On February 5, 2013, the Estate, once again acting on its own behalf, filed a motion for relief from its dismissal from the coverage action, moving under Code of Civil Procedure section 473. A declaration from Attorney Cohen accompanied the motion for relief, which declaration detailed the machinations that had occurred behind the scenes. We quote Mr. Cohen’s declaration in some detail:

As reflected in Mr. Cohen’s declaration and the attached exhibits, on December 27, 2012, Maxfield had dissolved by filing a certified of cancellation of its limited liability company status with the Delaware Secretary of State, and had, as grantor pursuant to the Delaware Limited Liability Act, established the [Maxfield] Liquidating Trust, overseen by trustee Julie Beth Teicher, to wind up Maxfield’s affairs.

These exhibits also showed that on January 18, 2013, the Estate had entered into a settlement agreement with trustee Teicher that resolved all claims between the Estate and Maxfield. That settlement agreement provided in pertinent part as follows, all redactions in original:

As indicated, pursuant to the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act (Del. Code, tit. 6, § 18-803), Maxfield’s dissolution prohibited it from defending any action. In light of this, Cumis counsel withdrew, leaving Maxfield unrepresented. At this point, Alterra intervened in the underlying action to defend Maxfield’s position. The underlying action has since been stayed pending resolution of this coverage action.

On May 8, 2013, the trial court granted the Estate’s motion for relief, allowing it to appear in the coverage action through its previously filed answer. The court also denied without prejudice Alterra’s motion for judgment on the pleadings.

On July 30, 2013, Alterra filed a renewed motion for judgment on the pleadings, asserting three separate, and independent, bases, two of which argued that the underlying action was excluded under exclusions c. and i. in the Alterra policy. The motion was accompanied by a request for judicial notice.

The Estate filed opposition, along with its own request for judicial notice. The Estate did not object to Alterra’s request for judicial notice.

Following Alterra’s reply, the motion came on for hearing on September 6, 2013. On that same day, the trial court entered its order granting the motion without leave to amend. The order stated it was based “on the intellectual property exclusion. (See Aroa Marketing, Inc. v. Hartford Ins. Co. of the Midwest (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 781, 788 [ 130 Cal.Rptr.3d 466 ].)”

Judgment was thereafter entered, declaring that “Alterra has no obligation to defend or indemnify Maxfield” in the underlying action. The Estate filed a timely appeal.

SUMMARY OF PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS

The Estate makes two arguments why the judgment should be reversed: (1) exclusion i., on which the trial court relied, is “neither plain nor clear” and (2) Aroa, on which the trial court relied, is distinguishable “both on its facts and because it failed to apply the conspicuous, plain and clear standards.” Alterra asserts three separate, and independent, bases to affirm that coverage for the underlying action is barred by any of three alternatives: (1) by exclusion i., the intellectual property exclusion; (2) by exclusion c., the first publication exclusion; and (3) by the settlement and release between the Estate and Maxfield made without the consent of Alterra. We conclude that exclusion i. applies, and affirm on that basis, and thus need not reach Alterra’s other two arguments.

DISCUSSION

Standard of Review

“ ‘A motion for judgment on the pleadings, made after the time for a demurrer has expired, in all other respects is the equivalent of a general demurrer. Like a demurrer, grounds for the motion must appear on the face of the complaint or be based on facts capable of judicial notice. We review the complaint de nova to determine whether the complaint states a cause of action, as a matter of law.’ [Citation.]” (Caldera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Regents of University of California (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 338, 350 [140 Cal.Rptr.3d 543]; see Barker v. Hull (1987) 191 Cal.App.3d 221, 226-227 [ 236 Cal.Rptr. 285 ] [judicial notice proper to consider prior action between the parties as basis for collateral estoppel].)

In Allstate Ins. Co. v. Kim W. (1984) 160 Cal.App.3d 326, 330 [ 206 Cal.Rptr. 609 ], our colleagues in Division Three noted that “A motion for judgment on the pleadings is an appropriate means of obtaining an adjudication of the rights of the parties in a declaratory relief action if those rights can be determined as a matter of law from the face of the pleading attacked, together with those matters of which the court may properly take judicial notice.” And they went on to affirm such a judgment because.there was no coverage under the policy there. Likewise here.

The Applicable Insurance Law

We recently distilled the governing law, in North Counties Engineering, Inc. v. State Farm General Ins. Co. (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 902, 919 [ 169 Cal.Rptr.3d 726 ]: “A duty to defend exists whenever the lawsuit against the insured seeks damages on any theory that, if proved, would be covered by the policy. Thus, a defense is excused only when ‘ “the third party complaint can by no conceivable theory raise a single issue which could bring it within the policy coverage.” ’ (Montrose Chemical Corp. v. Superior Court (1993) 6 Cal.4th 287, 300 [ 24 Cal.Rptr.2d 467 , 861 P.2d 1153 ], some italics omitted.) In other words, ‘the insured need only show that the underlying claim may fall within policy coverage; the insurer must prove it cannot.’ (Ibid.) Thus, an insurer may have a duty to defend even when it ultimately has no obligation to indemnify, either because no damages are awarded in the underlying action or because the actual judgment is for damages not covered by the policy. (Borg v. Transamerica Ins. Co. (1996) 47 Cal.App.4th 448, 454 [ 54 Cal.Rptr.2d 811 ].) If coverage depends on an unresolved dispute over a factual question, the very existence of that dispute would establish a possibility of coverage and thus a duty to defend. (Horace Mann [Ins. Co. v. Barbara B. (1993)] 4 Cal.4th [1076,] 1085 [ 17 Cal.Rptr.2d 210 , 846 P.2d 792 ].) [¶] Finally, any doubt ‘as to whether the facts give rise to a duty to defend is resolved in the insured’s favor.’ [Citations.]”)

Those liberal, pro-insured rules notwithstanding, there is no duty to defend if there is no potential for coverage. As the leading California insurance treatise puts it, “The insurer’s duty to defend does not extend to claims for which there is no potential for liability coverage. This includes claims falling outside the scope of the insuring clause, or within an express exclusion from coverage, or barred by statutory or public policy limitations. ‘The insurer need not defend if the third party complaint can by no conceivable theory raise a single issue which could bring it within the policy coverage’ [Citations.]” (Croskey et al., Cal. Practice Guide; Insurance Litigation (The Rutter Group 2014) ][ 7:537, pp. 7B-16 to 7B-17 (Croskey).)

As to how such a determination is made, other principles guide us, including that “ ‘[w]hile insurance contracts have special features, they are still contracts to which the ordinary rules of contractual interpretation apply.’ [Citations.] ‘The fundamental goal of contractual interpretation is to give effect to the mutual intention of the parties. [Citation.]’ [Citation.] ‘Such intent is to be inferred, if possible, solely from the written provisions of the contract.’ [Citation.] ‘If contractual language is clear and explicit, it governs. (Civ. Code, § 1638.)’ [Citation.] Moreover, if the policy’s terms are ‘ “used by the parties in a technical sense or a special meaning is given to them by usage,” ’ this use or meaning ‘controls judicial interpretation.’ [Citation.]” (La Jolla Beach & Tennis Club, Inc. v. Industrial Indemnity Co. (1994) 9 Cal.4th 27, 37 [ 36 Cal.Rptr.2d 100 , 884 P.2d 1048 ].)

As our Supreme Court put it in its most recent pronouncement on the subject, “In determining whether a claim creates the potential for coverage under an insurance policy, ‘we are guided by the principle that interpretation of an insurance policy is a question of law.’ [Citation.] ‘Under statutory rules of contract interpretation, the mutual intention of the parties at the time the contract is formed governs interpretation. (Civ. Code, § 1636.)’ [Citation.] In determining this intent, ‘[t]he rules governing policy interpretation require us to look first to the language of the contract in order to ascertain its plain meaning or the meaning a layperson would ordinarily attach to it.’ [Citation.] We consider the ‘ “clear and explicit” meaning of these provisions, interpreted in their “ordinary and popular sense,” unless “used by the parties in a technical sense or a special meaning is given to them by usage.” ’ [Citation.] We must also ‘interpret the language in context, with regard to its intended function in the policy.’ [Citation.]” (Hartford Casualty Ins. Co. v. Swift Distribution, Inc. (2014) 59 Cal.4th 277, 288 [ 172 Cal.Rptr.3d 653 , 326 P.3d 253 ].)

The Policy

Sometime in 2010, Alterra’s predecessor issued commercial lines common policy No. MAX013100003783. It was effective June 4, 2010, to July 25, 2011, and the named insured was “Maxfield and Oberton Holdings, LLC dba Bucky Balls by Zoomdoggle.” The policy included a “COMMERCIAL GENERAL LIABILITY COVERAGE” form which, as pertinent here, included “COVERAGE B PERSONAL AND ADVERTISING INJURY LIABILITY.” That form went on to define the terms applicable here, as follows;

Coverage B also contained exclusions, two of which, c. and i., Alterra relied on in its motion for judgment. Thus, as pertinent here, coverage B provided as follows:

Exclusion i. Applies Here

As indicated, the trial court held that Alterra had no obligation under the policy because exclusion i., which the court called the “intellectual property exclusion,” applied here. As also indicated, the Estate asserts two fundamental contentions arguing that such conclusion was wrong: (1) the exclusion is not plain, clear, and conspicuous, and (2) Aroa is distinguishable “both on its facts and because it failed to apply the conspicuous, plain and clear standards.”

As the leading treatise puts it, “[t]o be ‘conspicuous, plain and clear,’ coverage exclusions and limitations must meet two separate tests:

The exclusions are on an Insurance Services Office (ISO) industry form (No. CG 00 01 12 07). The exclusions appear under a boldfaced heading, “Exclusions,” with each exclusion having its own boldfaced title. As our colleagues have held, these factors satisfy the “conspicuous, plain and clear” test for exclusions, i.e., that they “be positioned in a place and printed in a form which will attract the reader’s attention.” (Travelers Ins. Co. v. Lesher (1986) 187 Cal.App.3d 169, 184 [ 231 Cal.Rptr. 791 ], disapproved on other grounds in Buss v. Superior Court (1997) 16 Cal.4th 35, 50, fn. 12 [ 65 Cal.Rptr.2d 366 , 939 P.2d 766 ]; see National Ins. Underwriters v. Carter (1976) 17 Cal.3d 380, 384 [ 131 Cal.Rptr. 42 , 551 P.2d 362 ] [exclusion located under a boldfaced heading entitled “Exclusions” and appearing in the same style of print found elsewhere in the policy].)

It is noteworthy that every California case that has discussed the exclusion (or one like it) has found it applicable, without any concern that it was not clear or conspicuous. These cases include Aroa Marketing, Inc. v. Hartford Ins. Co., supra, 198 Cal.App.4th 781, 788-789 (Aroa); Purplus Inc. v. Hartford Casualty Ins. (N.D.Cal., Mar. 19, 2013, No. C 12-03689 JSW) 2013 U.S.Dist. Lexis 38367, pp. *15 — *16 (excluding claims of software piracy); and Basalite Concrete Products, LLC v. National Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, P.A. (E.D.Cal., May 17, 2013, No. CIV. 2:12-02814WBS EFB) 2013 U.S.Dist. Lexis 70597, pp. *9-* 10 (excluding claims of trademark and patent infringement, unfair competition, and dilution). Also noteworthy is the fact that in its opposition below the Estate did not even make a similar argument, arguing only that the exclusion was “hopelessly ambiguous.”

Finally, the Estate asserts the words “other intellectual property rights” in the exclusion cannot apply as they are “buried in an inconspicuous part of a single paragraph in small type in a 39 page contract.” This ignores that courts applying the exclusion have never criticized the exclusion on this basis. And, as noted, the title of the exclusion starts with the word “Infringement” — in boldface yet — the very conduct the Estate itself alleged against Maxfield. Exclusion i. is conspicuous, plain, and clear and also applicable to bar coverage for the Estate’s claims here.

The fundamental position of the Estate is that the exclusion is entitled “Infringement of Copyright, Patent, Trademark Or Trade Secret” (boldface omitted) and cannot reasonably be understood to apply to “intellectual property rights.” We disagree.

Aroa, supra, 198 Cal.App.4th 781 is persuasive. There, a model named Radcliffe filed suit against Aroa Marketing, alleging that it had made unauthorized use of her image and likeness, diminishing her marketability and publicity value and depriving her of her right of publicity. (Id. at p. 785.) The suit asserted claims for “ ‘statutory and common law misappropriation of likeness, breach of contract, unjust enrichment and unfair competition.’ ” (Ibid.)

Aroa tendered defense to Hartford, whose policy excluded “ ‘Personal and advertising injury’ ” arising out of “ ‘ “any violation of any intellectual property rights, such as copyright, patent, trademark, trade name, trade secret, service mark, or other designation of origin or authenticity.” ’ ” (Aroa, supra, 198 Cal.App.4th at p. 785 .) Hartford declined the tender, its declination letter stating, “ ‘[i]t is well settled under California law, both statutory and common law, that, while the right of publicity is derivative from a right of privacy, it is clearly considered an intellectual property right which is specifically excluded from coverage under the Policy.’ ” (Ibid.)

Aroa settled Radcliffe’s case and then sued Hartford. Hartford demurred, arguing among other things that the causes of action were “excluded by the policy’s intellectual property rights exclusion.” ( Aroa, supra, 198 Cal.App.4th at pp. 785-786.) The trial court sustained the demurrer, and the Court of Appeal affirmed, in language strikingly applicable here:

S.B.C.C., Inc. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 383 [ 112 Cal.Rptr.3d 40 ] (S.B.B.C.) is also instructive. The issue there arose in a case where a former employee, Foust, took confidential information when he went to work for the insured, South Bay Construction Company (South Bay). South Bay was sued along with its employee and tendered defense to its insurer, St. Paul, which refused it. South Bay then sued St. Paul for breach of contract, bad faith, and declaratory relief. (Id. at pp. 386-387.) Both parties moved for summary judgment or summary adjudication. The trial court ruled for St. Paul, finding that, while there was a triable issue of fact as to whether the underlying lawsuit had alleged “ ‘advertising injury,’ ” there was no coverage because the policy excluded claims resulting from intellectual property infringement. (Id. at p. 387.) The Court of Appeal affirmed, concluding that the underlying lawsuit did not allege advertising injury. (Id. at pp. 392-393.) But the court went on to discuss the “intellectual property” exclusion, in the course of which it noted — and rejected — some of the very arguments the Estate makes here. Specifically:

A leading commentary describes the exclusion — which it calls the “intellectual property” or “IP” exclusion — this way: “[T]he IP exclusion may preclude coverage for all claims arising out of infringement of patent, trademark, trade secret, or other intellectual property rights, regardless of whether the infringement occurs in an ‘advertisement.’ Therefore, unfair competition claims that arise solely from a policyholder’s trademark infringement are precluded from coverage by the IP exclusion.” (4 New Appleman on Insurance (Law Library Ed. (2014)) § 30.08[6][a], p. 30-136.4, fns. omitted (rel. 11-9/2014).)

The Estate protests about calling the exclusion the “intellectual property” exclusion. But no court has had a problem with these words, uniformly referring to this exclusion — included, not incidentally, on a standard insurance industry form — as the “Intellectual Property” exclusion. Aroa used the term. So did S.B.C.C. So, too, did the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. (See Street Surfing, LLC v. Great American E&S Ins. Co. (9th Cir. 2014) 776 F.3d 603, 606 .) And the leading treatise. (Croskey, supra, ¶ 7:1066.12, p. 7C-36.) Were all this not enough, throughout its opposition to Alterra’s motion for judgment on the pleadings, the Estate referred to the exclusion as the “intellectual property exclusion.”

The Estate makes five subarguments here — arguments, we note, that are far broader than its position below, which argued only that the intellectual property exclusion must be construed against Alterra because it is “ambiguous and does not address Lanham Act/unfair competition claims.” Those subarguments are (1) Aroa failed to apply the holding that exclusions must be conspicuous, plain, and clear; (2) Aroa is distinguishable on its facts; (3) the specific exclusion in Aroa directly encompassed the right of publicity; (4) Aroa is an outlier; and (5) Aroa should not be applied retroactively.

To begin with, the “conspicuous, plain and clear” argument was apparently not even advanced in Aroa . Regardless, we have addressed the “plain and clear” argument above, and found it wanting.

As to “distinguishable on its facts,” the Estate asserts that the exclusion there was different from the exclusion here. Whatever the variation in the wording, the exclusion there did not expressly state that it applied to invasion of privacy or right of publicity claims. But, as Aroa holds, such claims fall within its nonexclusive listing, which there included “ ‘any violation of any intellectual property rights.’ ” (Aroa, supra, 198 Cal.App.4th at p. 788 .) Similarly here. (Comedy III Productions, Inc. v. Gary Saderup, Inc., supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 391 ; Aroa, supra, 198 Cal.App.4th at pp. 787-788 [explaining that a “right of publicity” claim, defined as “ ‘appropriation, for the defendant’s advantage, of the plaintiff’s name or likeness,’ ” is one of four types of “right of privacy claims”]; see generally 5 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law (10th ed. 2005) Torts, § 676, pp. 993-994.)

The Estate asserts that to apply the intellectual property exclusion Alterra must specify each type of excluded intellectual property claim. But the Estate cites no authority supporting this proposition. Again, Aroa is apt, where it relied on the phrase “ ‘any intellectual property rights, such as . . . ,’ ” virtually identical to the Alterra policy’s language “or other intellectual property rights,” to exclude invasion of privacy and right of publicity claims. The use of “or” in the Alterra policy, like the words “such as” in Aroa , indicates there are “ ‘ “matters of the same kind which are not specifically enumerated.” ’ ” (Aroa, supra, 198 Cal.App.4th at p. 789 .) Or, as the court earlier put it, “The exclusion applies when the injury arises out of ‘any violation of any intellectual property rights.’ Even if this language is interpreted narrowly against the insurer, it clearly applies to bar claims based on the right of publicity, as that right has been held to be an intellectual property right.” (Id. at p. 788 [“the fact that the right of publicity is not specifically listed after the phrase ‘any intellectual property rights’ does not suggest the exclusion does not apply[;] ... the list is expressly nonexclusive”].)

The Estate argues its right to publicity claims are not within “other intellectual property rights” by contrasting them with “copyrights, patents and trademarks,” claims expressly listed in the intellectual property exclusion. No court has ever made such a distinction, and again the Estate cites no supporting authority. Its simplistic premise is that copyrights, patents and trademarks “may be registered with an agency of the federal government” which “gives third parties an opportunity to check public federal documents to see whether or not someone claims a protectable right to such property.” And, the argument runs, Fuller’s name is not such a “creation,” and it cannot be registered or “bought and sold.”

Such argument is less than candid. The Estate’s rights, which derive from the Estate’s position as successor to the rights of Fuller, are in fact registered, at least according to the Estate’s own allegations: “[i]n 1985, [the Estate] registered its claim as the successor-in-interest to the rights of Buckminster Fuller pursuant to Civil Code § 3344.1(f).” Indeed, it not only registered, but also according to the Estate, it has “licensed those rights on many occasions. The licensees include Apple Computer, which used Bucky’s image (along with those of John Lennon, Pablo Picasso, Albert Einstein, Mahatma Gandhi, Frank Lloyd Wright and others) in its ‘Think Different’ advertising campaign.”

The Estate contends that Aroa is an “outlier,” in claimed support of which the Estate cites two federal cases: Santa’s Best Craft, LLC v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. (7th Cir. 2010) 611 F.3d 339 and DISH Network Corp. v. Arch Specialty Ins. Co. (10th Cir. 2011) 659 F.3d 1010 . Neither is availing, not legally, not factually.

In Santa’s Best, the insurer argued the “trade dress” portion of the exclusion applied to an underlying lawsuit despite factual allegations the insured had allegedly infringed on a slogan. The court held that the slogan allegations precluded application of the “trade dress” part of the exclusion. (Santa’s Best Craft, LLC v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., supra, 611 F.3d at p. 348 .) The “other intellectual property rights or laws” language in the exclusion was never addressed.

• In DISH Network the question was whether a patent infringement suit was covered under the “advertising injury” coverage of five different policies. The insured argued there was an ambiguity in four of the policies because the fifth expressly included “patent infringement” in its intellectual property exclusion. (DISH Network Corp. v. Arch Specialty Ins. Co., supra, 659 F.3d 1010 at p. 1019 .) The Court of Appeals held that the complaint in the underlying action potentially alleged misappropriation of advertising ideas. But that is as far as it went, expressly noting that “[sjeveral issues the district court did not address remain to be resolved,” including one insurer’s argument that its “intellectual property exclusion . . . bar[s] coverage.” (Id. at p. 1028.) And the court observed, “The district court did not reach these arguments,” and so the Court of Appeals “express[es] no view as to the merits . . . .” (Ibid.) DISH Network is not authority regarding application of the intellectual property exclusion.

Finally, the Estate contends Aroa cannot pertain here because it was decided after Alterra issued its policy to Maxfield, and cannot be applied retroactively. The general rule is that appellate decisions in civil cases are almost always given retroactive application. (See, e.g., Grafton Partners v. Superior Court (2005) 36 Cal.4th 944, 967 [ 32 Cal.Rptr.3d 5 , 116 P.3d 479 ].) The rule is subject to narrow, rarely invoked exceptions based on considerations of fairness and public policy. (Rose v. Hudson (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 641, 653 [ 63 Cal.Rptr.3d 248 ].) We see no need to weigh in on any retroactive/prospective argument, for the significance of Aroa is, as we noted, its reasoning, which we find persuasive — and applicable here. Or, to put it otherwise, we would reach the conclusion we do even if Aroa had not been on the books.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

Kline, P. J., and Stewart, J., concurred.