INTRODUCTION

Petitioner and appellant Sheryl Vallo, a California resident, appeals from an order

1 of the family court entered on November 26, 2013, finding the court had no personal

jurisdiction over respondent Carl Anthony Dudley, a resident of the District of Columbia.

(Code Civ. Proc., § 904.1, subd. (a).)

Both parties are representing themselves on appeal. No reporter’s transcript has

been submitted as part of the appellate record. Based on our review of the clerk’s

transcript and the parties’ nonconforming appellate briefs, we affirm the family court’s

order.

II

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The facts as presented in the record are mostly undisputed although the parties try

to characterize them differently. The case involves multiple family law proceedings filed

in Maryland, the District of Columbia, and San Bernardino County between 2010 and

2013.

The duration of the parties’ marriage was from June 1988 until the date of

separation, August 1, 2008. One minor child, J.D., was born in August 1998. Vallo had

filed for divorce in Maryland in 2010 but dismissed the action on the day of trial in

September 2011.

Vallo filed another family law proceeding in San Bernardino County in September

2011, which was dismissed in January 2012 after the court granted Dudley’s motion to

dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and because Maryland was the child’s home

state. (Sheryl Vallo v. Carl Dudley (Super. Ct. San Bernardino County, No.

2 FAMRS1103241).) Vallo was awarded sole legal and physical custody of the child in

another San Bernardino case in 2012. (Sheryl Vallo v. Carl Dudley (Super. Ct. San

Bernardino County, No. FAMRS1200634).)

In April 2012, Dudley filed a Maryland divorce action which was dismissed in

October 2012 for lack of service. In June 2012, Vallo had unsuccessfully sought a

Maryland contempt order against Dudley. At the same time she had refused to accept

service of the Maryland complaint.

In August 2012, Vallo filed a petition for child support in the District of Columbia.

In September 2012, the District of Columbia court ordered Dudley to pay child support

and proposed that he file a divorce action in that court. Vallo agreed to accept service of

the complaint, although she now contends her understanding was impaired by diabetes-

related hypoglycemia at the time. In January 2013, Dudley filed a divorce action in the

District of Columbia but it was ultimately dismissed for lack of jurisdiction over Vallo.

Meanwhile, in November 2012, Vallo filed this case, another petition for

dissolution of marriage in San Bernardino County. The UCCJEA1 declaration listed the

addresses for J.D. as Maryland from June 2007 to June 2011 and Chino, California from

July 2011 to November 2012. California was the child’s home state.

1 Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act, Family Code section 3400 et seq.

3 In December 2012, Dudley, specially appearing, filed a motion to dismiss the San

Bernardino petition on the grounds of inconvenient forum and judicial estoppel. In her

response, Vallo disagreed that she had agreed to litigate the divorce in any jurisdiction

other than California and she asserted that California was the home state for J.D. and the

most appropriate forum because of Vallo’s medical problems.

In January 2013, Vallo, still acting in propria persona, filed a request for attorney’s

fees of $15,000 and costs of $5,000, for anticipated expenses. The hearing dates for

Dudley and Vallo’s motions were continued to April 3, 2013. Dudley filed another

divorce complaint in the District of Columbia on April 1, 2013, but it was again

dismissed for lack of jurisdiction over Vallo.

Dudley did not appear for the hearing on April 3, 2013, and the court took his

motion off calendar. The court ordered Dudley to pay $5,000 for attorney’s fees to Vallo.

On May 22, 2013, the court reinstated Dudley’s motion. Dudley argued that the

California court had no jurisdiction, he had made a special appearance, and Maryland

was the more convenient forum. Vallo argued that Dudley had made a general

appearance and California was the appropriate forum.

After taking Dudley’s motion under submission, the court ruled, the “motion to

dismiss on the grounds of inconvenient forum is denied with prejudice. Petitioner and

the minor child live in California. Neither party lives in Maryland, and the District of

Columbia court has twice found itself to lack personal jurisdiction to hear this matter.

Moreover, respondent’s residence is volatile, and he has even lived outside of the

4 country. Based on all this, not only is California the most convenient forum, it is

seemingly the only possible forum for petitioner to litigate the divorce.

“Respondent’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction is denied in part.

The court does have jurisdiction to grant dissolution status, for which personal

jurisdiction over the respondent is not required, and to decide child custody issues, as

California is the home state of the minor child.” The court reserved ruling on attorney’s

fees, spousal and child support, and the issues of personal jurisdiction and the division of

property.

Dudley filed a declaration asserting that he was never a California resident and he

was living in Washington, D.C. He had not consented to California jurisdiction. He was

paying monthly child support of $700 as ordered by the Maryland court. He believed

Vallo was forum shopping, seeking to receive an award of lifetime spousal support from

a California court and an additional three years of child support (until age 21) from a

District of Columbia court.

The court’s final ruling found no personal jurisdiction to make orders for spousal

support or attorney’s fees because Dudley was never domiciled in California or

personally served and he lacked minimum contacts. The court denied Vallo’s request for

spousal support and attorney’s fees. Vallo appeals from this order.

III

DISCUSSION

At the outset, we emphasize that Dudley has never been personally served by

5 Vallo in California. Therefore, her reliance on Code of Civil Procedure section 418.10 is

inapt. That code section applies when a defendant has been served and seeks to quash

service or stay or dismiss the action “on or before the last day of his or her time to plead.”

Dudley was not served and the time limitations of section 418.10 did not affect his ability

to make a special appearance and file a motion to dismiss based on lack of personal

jurisdiction.

The case of Roy v. Superior Court (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 337, cited by Vallo,

also has no bearing on this case because Roy involved defendants who tried to challenge

personal jurisdiction after they had made a general appearance by filing an answer and

participating in litigation. Dudley has never filed a response to Vallo’s petition for

dissolution. Instead, his only participation has been an ongoing special appearance to

challenge jurisdiction.

Jurisdiction in a family law case involves three independent jurisdictional

requirements: jurisdiction over the subject matter; jurisdiction over the marriage; and

personal jurisdiction over the parties. (Muckle v. Superior Court (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th

218, 225; see County of San Diego v. Gorham (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 1215, 1225.)

The superior court has subject matter jurisdiction over marital dissolutions. (Fam.

Code, §§ 200, 2000 et seq.) The scope of jurisdiction includes spousal support and

attorney’s fees. (Fam. Code, § 2010.) When there is a nonresident spouse or a

preexisting out-of-state support order, a California court can exercise jurisdiction to

establish, enforce or modify support orders only if consistent with the Uniform Interstate

6 Family Support Act. (UIFSA, Fam. Code, § 4900.) However, when there is no out-of-

state support proceeding or support order, the UIFSA has no application. Here there were

no existing orders for spousal support or attorney’s fees and no personal jurisdiction to

allow the California court to make such orders.

The exercise of personal jurisdiction is ultimately limited by substantive and

procedural due process concerns. The forum court must have an adequate basis for the

exercise of personal jurisdiction. (Burnham v. Superior Court of Cal. (1990) 495 U.S.

604, 609; County of San Diego v. Gorham, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1227.)

Traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice permit the exercise of personal

jurisdiction on the basis of either: 1) physical presence in the forum state when

personally served with process, 2) domicile in the forum state at the time suit is

commenced, 3) consent to the exercise of personal jurisdiction, or 4) minimum contacts

with the forum state. (Burnham, at pp. 610-611; Muckle v. Superior Court, supra, 102

Cal.App.4th at p. 226.) Dudley was not personally served or domiciled in California and

he had no minimum contacts.

A nonresident respondent may consent to personal jurisdiction by making a

general appearance in the action. (In re Vanessa Q. (2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 128, 135; In

re Marriage of Jacobsen (2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 1187, 1192; In re Marriage of Aron

(1990) 224 Cal.App.3d 1086, 1095.) However, consent to personal jurisdiction cannot be

based on a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. Dudley did not consent to

jurisdiction when he specially appeared in order to challenge jurisdiction. (Code Civ.

7 Proc., § 418.11; Fam. Code, § 2012; In re Marriage of Fitzgerald & King (1995) 39

Cal.App.4th 1419, 1429-1430.)

IV

DISPOSITION

Although the parties would benefit by agreeing to a state having jurisdiction for

their divorce, the California court lacks personal jurisdiction over Dudley. We affirm the

trial court’s order denying Vallo’s request for spousal support and attorney’s fees. The

parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

CODRINGTON

J.

We concur:

HOLLENHORST

Acting P. J.

MILLER

J.

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