STATEMENT OF FACTS

This appeal arises from guilty pleas. As such, the only statement of the facts

before the trial court is contained in the report of the probation officer. Since the parties

have emphasized differing parts of the facts in their briefs, we think the most accurate

basis for our review is the probation officer's summary. We therefore set forth that

summary verbatim:

"As to Counts 1-4

"On July 22, 2012 at approximately 5:50 a.m., Walter Schmidt Sr., the victim, and

his son Walter Schmidt Jr. were at their residence loading their van, which was parked in

the front driveway, with coins and other items they were going to sell at a local swap

meet. Schmidt Sr. is a currency dealer who specializes in the buying and selling of rare

coins. After loading the van, Schmidt Sr. got into the driver's seat, turned on the ignition

and waited for Schmidt Jr., who went to lock up their residence.

"As Schmidt Sr. was waiting in the driver's seat, he was suddenly approached by

an adult Hispanic male who was pointing a gun in his face and yelling words similar to

'Get out of the car or I'll shoot you.' Mr. Schmidt Sr. heard this phrase shouted three

times. The suspect was later positively identified as Danny Jorge Molestina. Fearing for

his life, Mr. Schmidt Sr. got out of the driver's seat and relinquished his vehicle to

Molestina. As Molestina attempted to enter the van, Mr. Schmidt Sr. attempted to

3 wrestle the gun out of his hand. He failed to disarm Molestina and found the gun once

again pointed directly in his face, at which point he backed off. Mr. Schmidt Sr. later

described the gun as a small dark colored handgun, possibly a .22 caliber or a 'Saturday

Night Special,' to officers.

"When Molestina attempted to get into the driver's seat of the van a second time,

Mr. Schmidt Sr. felt that he had another opportunity to try and stop the robbery. He again

lunged for the gun, but Molestina placed the van into gear and quickly reversed out of the

driveway. Mr. Schmidt Sr. grabbed onto the steering wheel to avoid being run over. He

was dragged approximately 18 feet down the driveway and onto the street, until he lost

his grip and fell to the pavement. Mr. Schmidt Sr. struck his head and body on the

asphalt, while narrowly avoiding being run over by the speeding vehicle.

"Molestina stopped the van momentarily, approximately 50 yards from the

residence, to pick up a second suspect. That suspect was later identified as Eduardo

Arturo Guerra. Molestina and Guerra drove away in Mr. Schmidt's van, which contained

approximately $70,000 worth of property in coins. They were followed by a second

vehicle, driven by a suspect later identified as Jorge Antonio Aguila. Mr. Schmidt Sr.

called 911 and waited for [Chula Vista Police Department (CVPD)] officers to arrive.

"Mr. Schmidt Jr. informed officers that his cell phone, which was equipped with

GPS, was inside of the stolen van. The vehicle was tracked to the 6800 block of Quebec

Court in the City of San Diego. Unbeknownst to CVPD, San Diego Police Department

[(SDPD]) received a report of a vehicle burglary in progress at that location, after

residents observed the suspects unloading items from a white van into a gold Pontiac,

4 which was registered to Aguila. SDPD officers initiated a felony stop of the Pontiac, and

Aguila, the driver, was taken into custody at gunpoint. Molestina, the vehicle passenger,

jumped out of the vehicle and fled on foot through a condominium complex. Officers

gave chase and captured him a short time later. A third suspect was also seen running

from the area at the same time, but he was not captured. That suspect may have

discarded items of evidence to include a stun gun baton, multiple gloves and a facemask,

which were discovered near 6828 Panamint Row. Some of the coins that were stolen

during the carjacking were recovered from inside of the Pontiac.

"Mr. Schmidt Sr. and Mr. Schmidt Jr. were both transported to the 6800 block of

Panamint Row for a curbside line-up. They both positively identified Molestina as the

person who committed the carjacking. Neither man recognized Aguila. They also

assisted officers in identifying stolen property, including their van and items seized from

the interior of Aguila's Pontiac. Mr. Schmidt Sr. went to the hospital for injuries to his

head, back, shoulder, hand and arm.

"Two independent witnesses, who reported the suspected vehicle burglary on

Quebec Court to SDPD, positively identified Molestina and Aguila as two of the three

individuals that were loading boxes from Mr. Schmidt Sr.'s van into Aguila's Pontiac.

"Molestina and Aguila were arrested for their roles in the carjacking and they were

transported to CVPD headquarters for processing. Aguila refused to make a statement.

Molestina made a spontaneous statement and declared that he had just been walking

around the area and "those guys" offered to pay him $1,000.00 if he helped unload boxes

from the van into the Pontiac. Molestina denied being involved in the carjacking.

5 "Search warrants were secured for both of the cellular phones that were

confiscated from Molestina and Aguila incident to their arrest. Molestina's phone was

found to have made and received several calls to Guerra's cellular phone before, during

and after the carjacking. The cellular phone that was located on Aguila's person during

his arrest was determined to be owned by Guerra. That phone was discovered to have

placed multiple calls to Molestina and Tory Joel Corpening, the defendant, before,

during, and after the carjacking. Just prior to the carjacking, Guerra's cell phone received

an incoming text message asking, 'Where are you?' Approximately five minutes after the

carjacking, a reply was sent from Guerra's phone that read, 'Just working with my crew.'

"On August 12, 2012, Guerra was arrested at the South Bay Courthouse. He was

admonished of his rights and admitted participating in the planning and execution of the

carjacking. Guerra was the registered owner of a 2001 Ford F150 pickup, the same type

of vehicle that witnesses reported was in the area during the carjacking. He identified

Corpening as the 'leader' of the group of individuals that committed the crime. Guerra

stated that he and Corpening would sell items regularly at the Kobey Swap Meet in San

Diego, where Mr. Schmidt Sr. had a booth to buy and sell coins. Guerra and Corpening

visited Mr. Schmidt Sr.'s booth on occasion, where they viewed his collection of coins

and other currency.

"Guerra reported that Corpening came up with the idea to rob Mr. Schmidt Sr.

Corpening assembled a group of individuals together to execute the 'big job.' The group

included Molestina, Aguila, and Celestina Maria Rodriguez. Guerra stated that he and

Corpening followed Mr. Schmidt Sr. home from the swap meet one day and conducted

6 surveillance on his home prior to committing the instant offense. The group of suspects

met in the garage of Corpening's residence the night before the crime occurred and

reviewed their plan, which called for Guerra and Aguila to park in front of Mr. Schmidt

Sr.'s home in Aguila's Pontiac, while Corpening, Molestina and Rodriguez were to park

around the corner in Guerra's F150 truck. Guerra and Aguila were to report to

Corpening, via cellular phone, and provide information regarding Mr. Schmidt Sr.'s

movements. Corpening was to call Molestina, with the order to commit the actual

carjacking, once Mr. Schmidt Sr. was getting ready to leave his residence. The group of

suspects drove to the victim's residence, en masse, following their planning meeting to

commit the carjacking.

"Guerra admitted he was inside of Aguila's vehicle before, during and after the

carjacking. He identified Aguila as the individual who reported Mr. Schmidt Sr.'s

movements to Corpening. Upon Corpening's command, Molestina executed the

carjacking. After Molestina carjacked Mr. Schmidt Sr.'s vehicle, Corpening jumped in

the passenger seat of the stolen van and they drove off. Rodriguez fled the area in

Guerra's F150 truck. Guerra and Aguila followed Molestina and Corpening to Quebec

Court, where Molestina, Corpening and Aguilar unloaded the stolen items from the van

and placed them in Aguila's Pontiac.

"Guerra identified Corpening as the individual who wore a facemask and gloves

during the offense. It was likely Corpening whom discarded the facemask, gloves, and

stun gun baton that were recovered on Panamint Row. Guerra was able to flee

successfully from the scene and made his way back to Corpening's residence. He stated

7 that Corpening appeared there with a box full of rare coins and precious metals. A few

days after the carjacking, Guerra, Corpening, and Giana Steina Lupo, Corpening's

girlfriend, travelled to Lake Tahoe, where they sold the stolen merchandise to an

unknown coin dealer. Lupo was later discovered to have pawned some of Mr. Schmidt

Sr.'s coins at a local pawn shop."

DISCUSSION

The remaining issue to be addressed in this case is whether the trial court erred in

imposing a consecutive, one-year sentence for robbery, based upon the contention that

the sentence should have been stayed pursuant to section 654. Based upon our review of

the record we believe the trial court made an implied finding that the robbery and

carjacking were separate acts with different objectives, even though they arose out of the

same transaction.

A. Background

The court imposed a five-year term for the carjacking. It then imposed a

consecutive one-year term for robbery (one-third the midterm) and a consecutive eight

months for witness intimidation (one-third the midterm). In the People's sentencing

memorandum submitted to the trial court the prosecutor recommended the court stay the

robbery sentence under section 654. At the time of sentencing the trial court said the

following about the robbery sentence:

"On count two, the robbery, I think [the prosecutor] you wrote in your papers that you think that should be 654. I think that it is a separate offense with the carjacking. I disagree. I'm going to impose one-third the midterm of count two. Midterm is three years. One-third is one year. That will be served consecutively."

8 B. Legal Principles

Section 215, subdivision (c) permits a defendant to be charged with both robbery

and carjacking. (People v. Ortega (1998) 19 Cal.4th 686, 700.) However, a defendant

may not be punished under both statutes for the same act which constitutes a violation of

two sections.

Similarly, section 654, subdivision (a) provides: "An act or omission that is

punishable in different ways by different provisions of law shall be punished under the

provision that provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment, but in no case

shall the act or omission be punished under more than one provision." In order to

determine whether there is a single act, or a course of conduct involving multiple

violations of statutes requires an examination of the intent or objective of the actor. (Neal

v. State of California (1960) 55 Cal.2d 11, 19.) The real question is whether during a

single transaction there is really only one act or one objective. (People v. Beamon (1973)

8 Cal.3d 625, 639.)

In Jones, supra, 54 Cal.4th 350, the court further refined its analysis of section

654. In cases where there is but one physical act, which gives rise to more than one

criminal offense, the court held that such act can only be punished once. (Jones, supra, at

p. 358.) The offenses in Jones were firearms violations arising out of one act of

possession which could only be punished once. However, where there is a course of

conduct, as opposed to a single physical act, the multiple objectives test is still applicable.

(Id. at pp. 359-360.) The court also observed that in a given case it may be difficult to

determine whether the conduct is a single physical act, or a series of physical acts in

9 pursuit of an objective. The court said: "In some situations, physical acts might be

simultaneous yet separate for purposes of section 654." (Jones, supra, at p. 358.)

The question of whether there were multiple acts or multiple objectives is one of

fact. (People v. Martin (2005) 133 Cal.App.4th 776, 781.) A trial court's decision as to

the existence of multiple objectives is reviewed under the substantial evidence standard

of review, whether the finding is express or implied. (People v. Osband (1996) 13

Cal.4th 622, 730-731; People v. Nelson (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 634, 638.)

C. Analysis

These crimes arose from a plot to steal valuable coins from the victim when he left

in the early morning for the swap meet. Clearly the objective was to steal the coins and

escape. The robbers had two vehicles available to them in order to carry out their

scheme. However, their scheme was complicated by the victim's resistance. Ultimately

they pushed the victim out of the way and fled in his van. The robbers then abandoned

the van a short distance away after taking the coins from the van.

The trial judge specifically rejected the prosecutor's suggestion that section 654

barred multiple punishments for the robbery and the carjacking. The court viewed them

as separate offenses, although he applied section 654 to other offenses at sentencing.

There is sufficient evidence in this record from which the court could have

concluded there were two intents, close in time. The intent to steal the coins is clear.

The court could easily infer the intent to take the van arose as a separate goal of escaping

from the crime scene. (People v. Nguyen (1988) 204 Cal.App.3d 181, 191.)

10 Accordingly, we find the trial court's implied finding of separate intents or purposes to be

supported by substantial evidence.

Corpening relies on People v. Dominguez (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 410, 416-420

(Dominguez), to support his argument that section 654 should apply to this case. His

reliance on Dominguez is misplaced. Although that case involved a carjacking and

robbery, the discussion of section 654 in that case has little relevance to the issues in this

case.

In Dominguez the principal argument for application of section 654 was that there

could not be a conviction for both robbery and carjacking. The court rejected that

argument and held such dual convictions were permitted. (Dominguez, supra, 38

Cal.App.4th at pp. 418-419.) The argument regarding sentences was much different than

here. First, the prosecutor there conceded section 654 barred dual punishment. The trial

court agreed with that position, however, instead of staying the sentence for robbery, the

court imposed it concurrently. Not surprisingly, the court in Dominguez ordered the

sentence to be stayed.

As we have discussed above, the court in Jones, supra, 54 Cal.4th 350, held that

only one punishment can be imposed for crimes arising out of one physical act. Jones, of

course, dealt with the single act of possessing a firearm, which violated several penal

code sections. Thus, in that case the defendant could only be punished for one offense,

and punishment for the remaining counts had to be stayed pursuant to section 654. Here,

the question is whether the actions of the defendant in forcing the victim out of the car,

struggling with him as he attempted to resist, then again struggling with the victim, then

11 driving off with the van is but one physical act. Certainly the actions here are far more

complex than one act of possessing one firearm and are far more analogous with a

finding of a course of conduct, rather than one "physical act."

As we have discussed, the trial court found multiple objectives and multiple acts

occurring in the same course of conduct. Corpening and his cohorts were there to steal

the coins, not the van. Twice the victim tried to disarm the robber, was forced away and

ultimately dragged some distance when he tried to hold onto the steering wheel. It took

several discrete physical acts to complete these crimes. The experienced trial court

impliedly found different objectives and different physical acts when it expressly rejected

the application of section 654 to the robbery count. Dominguez, supra, 38

Cal.App.4th 410 and Jones, supra, 54 Cal.4th 350, are distinguishable from the facts and

procedure presented here. They are of no assistance to the appellant in this case.

DISPOSITION

The conviction for receiving stolen property (count 4) is reversed. In all other

respects the judgment is affirmed.

HUFFMAN, J.

WE CONCUR:

BENKE, Acting P. J.

McINTYRE, J.

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