United States v. Leonard Vaught

434 F.2d 124 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Leonard VAUGHT, Defendant-Appellant. No. 25499. United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit. November 12, 1970. Rehearing Denied December 7, 1970. Fields & Klein, Sacramento, Cal., for appellant. Harry D. Steward, U. S. Atty., Brian E. Michaels, Asst. U. S. Atty., San Diego, Cal., for appellee. Before MERRILL and ELY, Circuit Judges, and * JAMESON, District Judge. PER CURIAM: 1 This is an appeal from a conviction on three counts of an indictment, the first count charging conspiracy to smuggle merchandise into the United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 and 18 U.S.C. § 545 , the second count charging smuggling, and the third count, concealment and facilitating transportation and concealment, in violation of section 545, all counts alleging the importation of 23,000 amphetamine tablets without the merchandise having been presented for inspection, entered and declared as provided by 19 U.S.C. §§ 1459 , 1461, 1484 and 1485. 1 2 Appellant contends that the prosecution under section 545 violates his right against self-incrimination under the Fifth Amendment, because it requires him to give…

This is an appeal from a conviction on three counts of an indictment, the first count charging conspiracy to smuggle merchandise into the United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 and 18 U.S.C. § 545 , the second count charging smuggling, and the third count, concealment and facilitating transportation and concealment, in violation of section 545, all counts alleging the importation of 23,000 amphetamine tablets without the merchandise having been presented for inspection, entered and declared as provided by 19 U.S.C. §§ 1459 , 1461, 1484 and 1485.

Appellant contends that the prosecution under section 545 violates his right against self-incrimination under the Fifth Amendment, because it requires him to give evidence which might be used against him in a state criminal prosecution. He argues that a manifest describing the merchandise would be available to California law enforcement officers pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552 , making “it clear that ‘self-incrimination’ at least under California Health and Safety Code, (prohibiting the possession, possession for sale, or transportation of dangerous drugs) * * * is a very ‘substantial risk’.”

The same…

(concurring):

While I concur in the result, I am hopeful that our court will soon reexamine the rule that permits a defendant to be convicted of a separate charge of conspiracy to commit an offense when he is, at the same time, convicted of the substantive offense itself. Some jurisdictions, including California, have abandoned that rule, and I think rightly so. See, e. g., In re Romano, 64 Cal.2d 826 , 51 Cal.Rptr. 910 , 415 P.2d 798 (1966); Cal.Penal Code, § 654 (West 1957).