United States v. Pacific Coast European Conference, and Its Member Lines, United States of America v. Pacific Coast River Plate Brazil Conference, and Its Member Lines, United States of America v. Latin America/pacific Coast S.S. Conference, and Its Member Lines

451 F.2d 712 UNITED STATES of America, Appellant, v. PACIFIC COAST EUROPEAN CONFERENCE, and its member lines, Appellees. UNITED STATES of America, Appellant, v. PACIFIC COAST RIVER PLATE BRAZIL CONFERENCE, and its member lines, Appellees. UNITED STATES of America, Appellant, v. LATIN AMERICA/PACIFIC COAST S.S. CONFERENCE, and its member lines, Appellees. Nos. 24248, 24250 and 24253. United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit. Oct. 22, 1971. Patricia S. Baptiste (argued), Alan S. Rosenthal, Norman Knoff, Dept. of Justice, William D. Ruckelshaus, Asst. Atty. Gen., Lawrence S. Ledebur, Chief, Adm. & Shipping Section, Washington, D. C., John F. Meadows, Atty., Admr. & Shipping Section, San Francisco, Cal., for appellant. F. Conger Fawcett (argued), of Graham & James, San Francisco, Cal., for appellees. Before BARNES, HAMLEY and CHOY, Circuit Judges. HAMLEY, Circuit Judge: 1 These are three civil actions, consolidated on appeal, brought by the United States to assess statutory penalties against three shipping conferences and their members for use of unlawful dualrate shipping contracts. The defendant conferences are Pacific Coast European Conference (Pacific Coast),…