I. BACKGROUND

Mantor began working for Circuit City in August 1992. When Mantor was first hired, Circuit City did not have an employee arbitration program. But in 1995, Circuit City established and implemented an arbitration program called the “Associate Issue Resolution Program” (“AIRP”). Circuit City’s managers were told it was important that its employees fully participate in the AIRP because the company had been losing money on account of lawsuits filed by employees.

Although in 1995 Circuit City circulated forms regarding employee participation in the AIRP, Mantor avoided signing the form or openly refused to participate in the AIRP for three years. In 1998, a District Manager and a Personnel Manager for Northern California arranged a meeting with Mantor to discuss his participation in the AIRP. During this meeting, Mantor asked the managers what would happen should he decline to participate in the arbitration program. In essence, the managers told him that he would have no future with Cir- cuit City. On September 13, 1998, Mantor signed the AIRP form, acknowledging in writing his receipt of (1) an “Asso- ciate Issue Resolution Handbook,” (2) the “Circuit City Dis- pute Resolution Rules and Procedures,” and (3) a “Circuit City Arbitration Opt-Out Form.” CIRCUIT CITY v. MANTOR 9095 This lawsuit got started on October 10, 2001, when Mantor filed a complaint in California state court against Circuit City alleging various employment-related claims arising from the termination of his employment. A week later, Mantor submit- ted a courtesy copy of the state court complaint, a Circuit City Arbitration Request Form, and a cashier’s check for $75.00 to Circuit City’s Arbitration Coordinator. The Arbitration Request Form and the $75.00 check were submitted to pre- serve Mantor’s right to arbitrate should a court determine that his claims were subject to arbitration. But the form and cash- ier’s check were rejected and returned by Circuit City because the form was incomplete. Mantor again submitted a com- pleted form and the $75.00 check to preserve his right to arbi- trate. This time, Mantor’s form and cashier’s check were again rejected because his attorney had redacted language on the form regarding arbitration.

On November 26, 2001, Circuit City filed a petition in the United States District Court for the Central District of Califor- nia to compel Mantor to arbitrate his state court claims under 9 U.S.C. § 4 and to stay his pending state court action. The district court granted Circuit City’s petition to compel arbitra- tion on December 27, 2001.

Mantor appealed. On July 22, 2003, we reversed the district court’s order compelling arbitration and held that the arbitra- tion agreement at issue was unenforceable. See Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Mantor, 335 F.3d 1101, 1109 (9th Cir. 2003) (“Mantor I”). We found the arbitration agreement to be both procedurally and substantively unconscionable under Califor- nia contract law and remanded the case to the district court with instructions to allow the civil action to continue in state court. See id. Our mandate issued on September 8, 2003, and Circuit City’s petition for a writ of certiorari was denied by the Supreme Court on January 26, 2004. The district court regained jurisdiction over the case and filed and spread our mandate on February 9, 2004. 9096 CIRCUIT CITY v. MANTOR In the meantime, on September 30, 2003, we issued an en banc opinion in EEOC v. Luce, Forward, Hamilton & Scripps, 345 F.3d 742 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc) (“Luce, For- ward”). Luce, Forward held that the Civil Rights Act of 1991 did not preclude employers from requiring employees to arbi- trate future Title VII claims as a condition of employment, explicitly overruling Duffield v. Robertson Stephens & Co., 144 F.3d 1182 (9th Cir. 1998). See Luce, Forward, 345 F.3d at 745.

On February 5, 2004, approximately five months after Luce, Forward was decided, Circuit City filed in the district court a “renewed petition to compel arbitration.” Circuit City argued that the Luce, Forward decision directly conflicted with and superseded our Mantor I decision. According to Cir- cuit City, arbitration should have been compelled because under Luce, Forward, the Civil Rights Act of 1991 did not preclude employers from requiring employees to arbitrate future Title VII claims as a condition of employment. Thus, Circuit City asserted that Luce, Forward was an intervening change in Ninth Circuit law that undermined our Mantor I decision which involved the validity of arbitration agreements under California law.

On April 23, 2004, the district court granted Circuit City’s “renewed petition to compel arbitration.” Mantor filed a timely notice of appeal, and now challenges the district court’s order granting Circuit City’s “renewed petition.”

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

We review a district court’s order compelling arbitration de novo. See Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams, 279 F.3d 889, 892 n.2 (9th Cir. 2002). CIRCUIT CITY v. MANTOR 9097 B. Motion for Reconsideration Under Rule 59(e) or 60(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

Circuit City’s submission of a “renewed petition to compel arbitration” was yet another attempt by Circuit City to move the case from district court to arbitration. There is no such animal as a “renewed petition to compel arbitration” in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and Circuit City’s novel motion does not clearly fit within the procedural mechanisms identified in the Rules. Nonetheless, how we classify Circuit City’s petition is important because finality and judicial effi- ciency are jeopardized if Circuit City is permitted in the future to submit additional “renewed” petitions to compel arbitra- tion. Cf. United States v. Holtzman, 762 F.2d 720, 725 (9th Cir. 1985) (noting the strong policy in favor of finality).

[1] Circuit City claimed in its renewed petition to compel arbitration that Luce, Forward constituted intervening law that conflicted directly with and superceded our Mantor I decision. The only way Circuit City could have presented this argument to the district court would have been to file a motion for reconsideration under either Rule 59(e)1 or Rule 60(b)2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Because we 1 A motion to alter or amend a judgment under Rule 59(e) applies to “[a]ny motion to alter or amend a judgment.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e). A Rule 59(e) motion is appropriate “if the district court: (1) is presented with newly discovered evidence, (2) committed clear error or the initial deci- sion was manifestly unjust, or (3) if there is an intervening change in con- trolling law.” Sch. Dist. No. 1J, Multnomah County v. ACandS, Inc., 5 F.3d 1255, 1263 (9th Cir. 1993). 2 Rule 60(b) provides, in pertinent part: On motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may relieve a party or a party’s legal representative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for the following reasons: (1) mistake, inad- vertence, surprise, or excusable neglect; (2) newly discovered evidence which by due diligence could not have been discovered in time to move for a new trial under Rule 59(b); (3) fraud (whether heretofore denominated intrinsic or extrinsic), misrepre- 9098 CIRCUIT CITY v. MANTOR conclude that Circuit City’s argument lacks merit, we need not examine whether Circuit City’s renewed petition should have been brought under Rule 59(e) or Rule 60(b). See, e.g., American Ironworks & Erectors, Inc. v. North Am. Const. Corp., 248 F.3d 892, 898-99 (9th Cir. 2001) (noting that a motion for reconsideration “is treated as a motion to alter or amend judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 59(e) if it is filed within ten days of entry of judgment. Other- wise, it is treated as a Rule 60(b) motion for relief from a judgment or order.”) (internal citation omitted).

C. Our En Banc Decision in Luce, Forward Does Not Constitute an Intervening Change in Ninth Circuit Law

[2] The gist of Circuit City’s argument is that Luce, For- ward altered the landscape of procedural unconscionability in our Circuit. Thus, according to Circuit City, Luce, Forward implicitly undermined our decision in Mantor I that Circuit City’s arbitration agreement was procedurally unconscionable under California law, and requires us to enforce Circuit City’s compulsory arbitration agreement. We recently rejected this argument. See Ingle v. Circuit City, 408 F.3d 592, 595 (9th Cir. 2005) (“In sum, Circuit City’s claim that Luce Forward somehow overruled or undermined Ingle I is not persua- sive.”).

IV. CONCLUSION

[3] For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the district court’s order granting Circuit City’s “renewed petition to

sentation, or other misconduct of an adverse party; (4) the judg- ment is void; (5) the judgment has been satisfied, released, or discharged, or a prior judgment upon which it is based has been reversed or otherwise vacated, or it is no longer equitable that the judgment should have prospective application; or (6) any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment . . . . Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b). CIRCUIT CITY v. MANTOR 9099 compel arbitration” and REMAND for entry of an order denying Circuit City’s petition to compel arbitration, and per- mitting the civil action to continue in state court.