DISCUSSION

Generally, the Courts of Appeals have jurisdiction to review final removal orders of the BIA. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a). However, Congress has restricted judicial review where an alien is removable based on a conviction for certain crimes. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C). Such crimes include those involv- ing moral turpitude (other than a purely political offense), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i), and a violation of any state law relating to a controlled substance other than a single offense of possession of a small quantity of marijuana, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(B)(i).

Turcios’s convictions are covered under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C). He admitted that he was previously con- victed of sale of cocaine, felony spousal abuse, resisting arrest, and eight separate instances of petty theft while in the United States. Petty theft is a crime involving moral turpitude, United States v. Esparza-Ponce, 193 F.3d 1133, 1135-37 (9th Cir. 1999), and spousal abuse is a crime of moral turpitude. Grageda v. U.S. INS, 12 F.3d 919, 922 (9th Cir. 1993).

[1] As noted by Turcios, the REAL ID Act of 2005 pro- vides that the restriction on judicial review for criminal aliens be construed so as to preserve this court’s jurisdiction to address constitutional claims and issues of law raised in peti- tions for review. Fernandez-Ruiz, 410 F.3d at 587. Turcios argues that whether the BIA abused its discretion in denying the motion to reconsider as untimely is a question of law which this court has jurisdiction to consider.

[2] In reviewing this question, other courts have determined that the REAL ID Act does not confer jurisdiction over chal- 14004 TURCIOS v. HOLDER lenges to the exercise of routine discretion by the BIA. See De La Vega v. Gonzales, 436 F.3d 141, 146 (2d Cir. 2006) (hold- ing that upon review of circuit case law and the legislative history of Section 106 of the REAL ID Act, nothing in that section confers jurisdiction over challenges to the exercise of routine discretion by the BIA); Xiao Ji Chen v. United States, 434 F.3d 144, 151-54 (2d Cir. 2006) (holding that challenges to the exercise of routine discretion by the Attorney General (or the IJ as his designee) do not raise “constitutional claims or questions of law” under Section 106 of the REAL ID Act); Grass v. Gonzales, 418 F.3d 876, 879 (8th Cir. 2005) (“[Section 106] grants no jurisdiction to review an IJ’s purely discretionary decision to deny a continuance of a removal hearing, unless that ruling resulted in such procedural unfair- ness as to implicate due process.”); Vasile v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 766, 768 (7th Cir. 2005) (“Notwithstanding § 106(a) of the [REAL ID] Act, . . . discretionary or factual determina- tions continue to fall outside the jurisdiction of the court of appeals entertaining a petition for review.”); Gattem v. Gon- zales, 412 F.3d 758, 767 & n.8 (7th Cir. 2005) (holding that, under Section 106, the Courts of Appeals have jurisdiction to consider “question[s] of law” raised in petitions for review, but not discretionary decisions of the Attorney General).

[3] Turcios challenges only the BIA’s denial of discretion- ary relief of reconsideration of its prior decision dismissing the untimely notice of appeal. He does not raise any constitu- tional challenges, nor does he raise any questions of law as contemplated by the REAL ID Act. Since the BIA’s denial of Turcios’s motion to reconsider was an exercise of routine dis- cretion, we dismiss for lack of jurisdiction.

DISMISSED.

KLEINFELD, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

I respectfully dissent. I am filing the same dissent in Irigoyen-Briones v. Holder, No. 07-71806 and Turcios v. TURCIOS v. HOLDER 14005 Holder, No. 05-72258, because these two cases raise identical legal issues, in materially similar factual and legal contexts. The issue in both cases is whether the Board of Immigration Appeals ought to have considered an appeal that was sent in time to arrive before the deadline, and was guaranteed by the shipper to arrive in time, but got stamped in at Board head- quarters the day after the due date. The merits are not at issue before us, just lateness. The issue of lateness affects innumer- able cases, and it is a matter of chance whether an alien attempting to appeal falls into this pit.

In Turcios, the alien’s lawyer attached to his motion for reconsideration a letter from FedEx Express. FedEx says that although “the shipment was due for delivery by 10:30 a.m. on December 23 . . . severe weather conditions caused an exten- sive and lengthy disruption of our transportation system, and thus the parcel did not reach its destination on the anticipated date. Delivery was completed on December 27 at 10:00 a.m.”

In Irigoyen-Briones, the alien’s lawyer personally brought the notice of appeal to the post office first thing in the morn- ing for guaranteed express mail delivery the next day, which would have been timely. However, for the first time in over ten years, Irigoyen-Briones’s attorney was let down by late Express Mail delivery. A clerk told her that some sort of error appeared to have been made by the post office at the airport in Virginia. The post office error caused the notice of appeal to get to the BIA a day late.1

Although the BIA interprets the statutes and regulations as requiring that filing deadlines be strictly enforced, the BIA also acknowledges that it has the authority to relieve litigants from the consequences of late filing for “exceptional circum- 1 With the drollness characteristic of these sorts of errors, FedEx said that it regretted “any inconvenience,” and the United States Postal Service offered to refund the postage counsel had paid for guaranteed next day delivery. 14006 TURCIOS v. HOLDER stances.”2 The BIA, in both cases, followed its own panel decision in In re Liadov,3 which held that “short delays by overnight delivery services” are not “extraordinary,” so “ap- pellants must take such possibilities into account and act accord- ingly.”4 The only place notices of appeal can be filed is Falls Church, Virginia,5 so evidently “act accordingly” means fly to one of the D.C. area airports or send the notice at some unknown and unpredictable time prior to the deadline so that the BIA would think the delivery service delay “extraordi- nary.” The Board holds that even though it lacks authority to extend the thirty day deadline, it does have authority to “cer- tify a case to itself under 8 C.F.R. 1003.1(c)” ”where a case presents exceptional circumstances.”6

Oddly, the BIA does not provide for any means of filing notices of appeal other than showing up in Falls Church, Virginia—not a trip most aliens could afford to pay their law- yers to make from outside the Beltway—or sending the papers by post office or private delivery service. Federal courts, no seekers of novelty themselves, generally provide for electronic case filing.7 The Federal Rules of Civil Proce- dure expressly address electronic filing.8 Doubtless electronic 2 See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(c); In re Liadov, 23 I&N Dec. 990 (BIA 2006). 3 23 I&N Dec. 990 (BIA 2006). 4 23 I&N Dec. at 993. 5 See Executive Office of Immigration Review, U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Form EOIR-26, *1 (2008), http://www.usdoj.gov/eoir/eoirforms/ eoir26.pdf. 6 In re Liadov, 23 I&N Dec. 990, 993 (BIA 2006). 7 See, e.g., 9th Cir. Admin. Order Re Electronic Filing (Nov.10, 2008); 3d Cir. R. 25.1; 4th Cir. Admin. Order 08-01 (Apr. 1, 2008); 6th Cir. Admin. Order 08-01 (May 7, 2008); 8th Cir. R. 25A; 10th Cir. Gen. Order 95-01 (Mar. 18, 2009); D.C. Cir. Admin. Order (May 15, 2009); D. Alaska R. 5.3; C.D. Cal. Gen. Order 08-02 (Feb. 7, 2008); E.D. Cal. R. 5-133; N.D. Cal. Gen. Order 45 (Nov. 18, 2004); S.D. Cal. R. 5.4; D. Haw. Gen. Order (May 1, 2006); D. Idaho R. 5.1; D. Mont. R. 5.1; D. Or. R. 100.3; E.D. Wash. R. 5.1; W.D. Wash. R. 5. 8 Fed. R. Civ. P. 5(d)(3). TURCIOS v. HOLDER 14007 filing saves attorneys in places like Alaska, or for that matter most of the rest of the country, a great deal of money on ulcer medicine, and more important, saves their clients from the risk of arbitrary horrendous consequences due to chance post office and delivery delays. It was an Act of God that weather prevented timely delivery of Turcios’s FedEx package, but the consequence of that late delivery was easily avoidable by people at the agency. Just as we have for many decades assumed the availability of telephones, automobiles, and air- planes, we ought to be able to assume the availability of email over the internet.

The Board has tossed a couple of red herrings across the path to justice. First, it says that the thirty day deadline is jurisdictional and it lacks authority to extend it. But as the Board says in Liadov, it nevertheless retains authority to grant relief from late filing in “exceptional” or “extraordinary” cir- cumstances. Second, the Board says it does not have a “mail- box rule.” This argument is irrelevant, because no one argues that it does. A “mailbox rule” means that an act is deemed accomplished when the required submission is mailed as opposed to when it is received or filed. For example, a “mail- box rule” lets us comply with the April 15 due date for tax returns by mailing them that day,9 and lets attorneys comply with motion and opposition deadlines by service, that is, mail- ing, rather than receipt or filing.10 The lawyers for Turcios and Iriguyen-Briones contend, not that the notices of appeal should be deemed filed when they sent them, but rather that they ought to be relieved from lateness because they sent them such that ordinarily they would have been received timely.

Liadov, on which the Board relies in both these cases, itself relies heavily on the Board’s own Practice Manual, for which 9 26 U.S.C.A. § 7502(a). 10 Fed. R. Civ. P. 5(b)(C). 14008 TURCIOS v. HOLDER it gives an internet citation.11 The disclaimer at section 1.1(c) of the manual says it does not carry the force of law or regula- tion and should not be relied on, so Auer and Chevron defer- ence to it would be inappropriate. The Manual says that “[b]ecause filings are date-stamped upon arrival at the Board, the Board strongly recommends that parties file as far in advance of the deadline as possible, and, whenever possible, use overnight delivery couriers, (such as United Parcel Ser- vice, Federal Express, Airborne Express, DHL) to assure timely receipt.”12 We said in Oh v. Gonzales13 that “use of one of the overnight delivery services the BIA expressly recom- mends . . . would appear to qualify [petitioners] for relief from late filing as a unique or rare circumstance—or at least to be considered for such relief, with some reasoned explanation should the BIA reject [petitioners] proffered excuse.” Here, the BIA simply brushed aside Turcios’s and Irigoyen- Briones’s explanations for the lateness of their notices of appeal and deemed them untimely filed, even though both provided persuasive evidence that they had acted reasonably to cause timely filing.

Once we get past the red herrings, the remaining question is whether the Board may, in interpreting the statute under which it operates and the Constitution, refuse to hear appeals where the aliens have done what is reasonably necessary, using the carriers the Board recommends, to assure that their appeals have been filed on time, and through no fault of their own, the papers are stamped in late. In my view, the principle of constitutional avoidance14 requires that the statute and regu- 11 Board of Immigration Appeals Practice Manual, http:// www.usdoj.gov/eoir/vll/qapracmanual/apptmtn4.htm 12 BIA Prac. Man. § 3.1(b). 13 406 F.3d 611, 613 (9th Cir. 2005). 14 See Public Citizen v. United States Department of Justice, 491 U.S. 440, 466 (1989) (“It has long been an axiom of statutory interpretation that where an otherwise acceptable construction of a statute would raise seri- ous constitutional problems, the Court will construe the statute to avoid such problems unless such construction is plainly contrary to the intent of Congress.”) (quotation omitted). TURCIOS v. HOLDER 14009 lation be construed if possible to require that such notices of appeal be deemed timely. In the absence of such a construc- tion, the Board’s rigid position denies aliens due process of law.

As the majority concedes, we held in Oh v. Gonzales15 that the time limit for appeal to the BIA was subject to discretion- ary relief. We further held that its construction of its filing deadline—limiting relief to sua sponte reconsideration in exceptional circumstances—was an error of law. To my mind, it stretches deference to administrative agencies too far to hold, as the majority does, that by insisting on its error, Liadov makes the error good law. We defer only to reasonable constructions. Liadov is not a reasonable construction by the BIA of its regulations, because this construction deprives aliens who attempt to appeal of due process of law.

The Second Circuit in Zhong Guang Sun v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice joins our view in Oh and cites language consistent with our view from the Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Circuits.16 Where the petition came in several days late because of an Airborne Express error, the Second Circuit holds that the BIA did not lack jurisdiction, and remands because failure of timely delivery by a courier service designated in the BIA’s practice manual “may well, indeed, fall within the realm of the ‘extraordinary’ if not the ‘unique.’ ”17 15 406 F.3d 611 (9th Cir. 2005). 16 421 F.3d 105, 111 (2d Cir. 2005). The Eighth Circuit has now upheld the Board’s construction against a due process challenge. Liadov v. Mukasey, 518 F.3d 1003, 1012 (8th Cir. 2008). Other circuits have as well, but in decisions predating the Supreme Court’s clarification that non- statutory time limits are not jurisdictional. Bowles v. Russell, 551 U.S. 205 (2007); see Liadov, 518 F.3d at 1008-09 & n.4; Khan v. U.S. DOJ, 494 F.3d 255, 258-59 & n.4 (2d Cir. 2007) (concluding in light of Bowles that the regulatory time limit was not jurisdictional). 17 Zhong Guang Sun, 421 F.3d at 111. 14010 TURCIOS v. HOLDER The agency’s interpretation conflicts with the Supreme Court’s interpretation in Houston v. Lack.18 Even though fed- eral courts of appeal deadlines for filing notices of appeal are jurisdictional, Houston holds that pro se prisoners are deemed to have filed timely when they have not actually filed, but have timely tendered their papers to prison officials. And, the last day is fine—they need not have given their papers to prison officials a few days before the filing deadline. The rea- son is that they “ha[ve] done all that could reasonably be expected” to file on time.19 Substituting “aliens” for “prison- ers” in Houston’s ratio decidendi suggests that Houston ought to be extended to aliens.

Such [aliens] cannot take the steps other litigants can take to monitor the processing of their notices of appeal and to ensure that the [clerk] receives and stamps their notices of appeal before the 30-day deadline. Unlike other litigants, [aliens] cannot per- sonally travel to [Falls Church, VA] to see that the notice is stamped “filed” or to establish the date on which the [board] received the notice. . . . No matter how far in advance the [aliens] delivers his notice to [the mailing service], he can never be sure that it will ultimately get stamped “filed” on time.20

We extended Houston to aliens’ appeals to the BIA in Gonzalez-Julio v. INS.21 There we went so far as to hold that the then-ten day limit for filing notices of appeal denied due process of law. The reason was that there were “two risks of delay which were not in the aliens control: delay in mail delivery and delay in filing after receipt by the Office.”22 18 487 U.S. 266 (1988). 19 Id. at 270. 20 487 U.S. at 270-71 (emphasis in original). 21 34 F.3d 820 (9th Cir. 1994). 22 34 F.3d at 823. TURCIOS v. HOLDER 14011 Applying the principle enunciated by the Supreme Court in Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.23 we held that the alien was entitled by the Due Process Clause to an opportunity to be heard on his appeal “at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.”24 In Gonzales-Julio, fifteen years ago, we noted that the BIA could obviate much of the problems reasonable accommodation could cause by allowing filing within a rea- sonable distance of the alien’s residence instead of limiting it to Falls Church, Virginia. Now, fifteen years later, the gov- ernment’s justification for requiring physical filing in Falls Church has become technologically obsolete, and the practi- cality of enforcing a rigid filing date without arbitrariness much greater, because the Board could easily adopt electronic filing. There would be nothing wrong with a rigid filing dead- line if it could be complied with from anywhere in this huge country by email. A rigid deadline is fundamentally unfair if people cannot assure their own compliance.

The BIA’s answer to the application of the Houston “not within his control” justification for requiring acceptance of late filing is that the alien should “file as far in advance of the deadline as possible.”25 That answer is constitutionally unsat- isfactory because a person with fundamental interests at stake is entitled to certainty about when he must ask to be heard in order to get a hearing. Nor is thirty days so long a time that a few days here or there should not matter to the alien. The alien owns the thirty days. He needs to know, for purposes of filing on time, exactly when they end.

All of the thirty days are likely to be essential. Aliens’ appeals are not, by and large, handled by giant spare-no- expense law firms, in which a partner can command a senior associate who can command a junior associate to have some- thing on his desk by 9:00 A.M. Monday without fail, and 23 455 U.S. 422 (1982). 24 Gonzalez-Julio, 34 F.3d at 823 (quoting Logan, 455 U.S. at 437). 25 Liadov, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 992. 14012 TURCIOS v. HOLDER whatever expenses are necessary to accomplish that will be borne. The record in Iriguyen-Briones describes the details of a typical case, and there is no reason to doubt that they are typical. The alien had lost his case before the IJ pro se, just before Christmas on December 18, and came to a lawyer’s office right after New Year’s, January 4. The lawyer could not do anything without listening to the Immigration Court’s tapes (not yet transcribed, of course), and needed a retainer before investing the time to do so. The alien needed a few days to raise some money, came in with enough the following Monday, counsel got an appointment with the Immigration Court to listen to the tapes Thursday, and drove the 45 miles to the court. Counsel then researched the applicable law nec- essary to formulate the notice of appeal on that day and the next (Friday) and prepared the notice. Monday was Martin Luther King day, so counsel drove to the post office herself first thing in the morning Tuesday, and sent the papers express mail for guaranteed delivery Wednesday, which is when they were due. She did not drop the ball, the post office did, and as is common, all thirty days were reasonably neces- sary for the task (too short, actually—the tapes ran longer than the time the Immigration Court had for counsel to listen to them on Thursday before the next lawyer’s appointment).

“The fundamental requisite of due process of law is the opportunity to be heard.”26 The interest at stake in immigra- tion cases, as in many others, is very important. Though some are frivolous, some are an alien’s only chance to avoid unjus- tified destruction of his family or even torture and death in some benighted country. Due process of law requires that the government refrain from destroying life, liberty, or property with fundamentally unfair procedure. It does so if it denies a person an opportunity within his control to be heard. In these two cases, that is what it did. What is worse, the government’s important interest in proceeding expeditiously with these cases and requiring compliance with reasonable time limits 26 Grannis v. Ordean, 234 U.S. 385, 395 (1914) TURCIOS v. HOLDER 14013 can easily be protected, without subjecting aliens to the risk of losing their appeals to bad weather or post office error. All it need do is what courts and private companies routinely do: allow people to email their notices of appeal. It is a cruel irony that the Board publishes the manual that lawyers are supposed to use as guidance on the internet, yet pretends the internet does not exist when it comes to receiving papers as opposed to distributing them.