I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

We presume the facts alleged in the SAC and in the opening brief state the

strongest case for Romero-Gold. (See Live Oak Publishing Co. v. Cohagan (1991) 234

Cal.App.3d 1277, 1286.) Stripped of legal conclusions (see Blank v. Kirwan (1985) 39

Cal.3d 311, 318), those facts are as follows: In September 2006, V.R. was taken into

protective custody and the County’s Department of Child Protective Services (CPS)

initiated a dependency case. CPS knew that Romero-Gold had suffered from years of

emotional abuse and had a seizure disorder that prevented her from having a driver’s

license. V.R. suffered from attention deficit disorder. For almost two years, CPS

attempted to reunify him with his abusive father. In November 2006, Romero-Gold filed

for a divorce from V.R.’s father, and the dissolution was final on August 1, 2008. Also,

in August 2008, Romero-Gold’s parental rights to her three youngest boys were

1 Although there are two plaintiffs in the underlying action, Romero-Gold and her son, V.R., only Romero-Gold appealed the judgment. Plaintiffs filed a request for dismissal in order to appeal in an “expeditious manner.”

2 terminated. In 2010, V.R.’s father committed a drunk driving vehicular homicide that

resulted in his conviction for second degree murder. During the dependency proceedings,

Romero-Gold was represented by several different attorneys, whom she complains

committed misconduct and/or were incompetent. On or about January 15, 2011, V.R.

was returned to his mother’s custody. The dependency case was terminated on May 4,

2011.

On November 4, 2011, Romero-Gold presented a claim for damages to the

County. Following the County’s denial of the claim, she initiated this action on May 4,

2012, alleging various causes of action stemming from CPS’s determination to remove

V.R. from Romero-Gold’s home. The only causes of action concerning this appeal are:

(1) violation of civil rights under color of authority under 42 United States Code section

1983 (section 1983); (2) declaratory relief; (3) intentional infliction of emotional distress;

(4) negligence; and (5) civil conspiracy. Defendants demurred on the grounds of

government immunity, failure to comply with the government claims filing requirements

of the California Tort Claims Act (Gov. Code, § 900 et seq.) (Tort Claims Act), and

failure to allege a specific federal constitutional violation. On October 30, 2013, the trial

court sustained defendants’ demurrer without leave to amend on the ground that the

claims were untimely. On December 17, 2013, Romero-Gold asked the trial court to

reconsider its ruling. The request was denied on January 23, 2014, and she appeals.

3

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review.

We review de novo the order sustaining the demurrer, treating the demurrer as

admitting all material facts properly pleaded, but not contentions, deductions or

conclusions of fact or law. (Blank v. Kirwan, supra, 39 Cal.3d at p. 318.) In reviewing

the lower court’s ruling on demurrer, we base our statement of the factual and procedural

background on the pleadings and such matters as may be judicially noticed. (Careau &

Co. v. Security Pacific Business Credit, Inc. (1990) 222 Cal.App.3d 1371, 1381, 1386;

Hendy v. Losse (1991) 54 Cal.3d 723, 742.)

B. Noncompliance with the Tort Claims Act.

“In actions for damages against local public entities, the claims statutes require

timely filing of a proper claim as a condition precedent to the maintenance of the action.”

(City of San Jose v. Superior Court (1974) 12 Cal.3d 447, 454; Gov. Code, §§ 905,

945.4.) The purpose of the Tort Claims Act “is to provide the public entity sufficient

information to enable it to adequately investigate claims and to settle them, if appropriate,

without the expense of litigation.” (City of San Jose, supra, at p. 455.) Thus, with

certain exceptions enumerated in Government Code section 905, no suit against a public

entity for money or damages may be filed until a written claim has been presented and

either acted upon or deemed rejected. (Gov. Code, § 945.4.) The written claim must be

presented to the public entity within six months of the accrual of the underlying cause of

action. (Gov. Code, § 911.2, subd. (a).) However, it is well established that section 1983

claims for damages against a public entity are not subject to the Tort Claims Act’s

4 procedural requirement that a plaintiff timely file a claim with the public entity as a

prerequisite to later filing an action for damages. (Williams v. Horvath (1976) 16 Cal.3d

834, 838, 841-842 [claim provisions of Tort Claims Act set forth in Government Code

inoperative in section 1983 action]; California Correctional Peace Officers Assn. v.

Virga (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 30, 38.)

C. Analysis.

Each of Romero-Gold’s claims stems from CPS’s removal of V.R. from her home

in September 2006, and the initiation of a dependency action. In Romero-Gold’s section

1983 claim, she contends her rights of confrontation were violated when her children

were taken into custody and the social workers submitted false reports to the court,

unlawfully holding V.R. in CPS’s custody from 2006 to 2011. In the claim for

declaratory relief, she asserts a controversy “as to whether the federal and state statutes

under which CPS operates are constitutional in that they do not rationally relate to the

purpose of preventing child abuse and child neglect, violate families[’] fundamental

constitutional rights in a manner which is not the least restrictive available, and do not

work as applied by San Bernardino CPS.” Her claim of intentional infliction of

emotional distress is based on CPS’s attempts to reunify V.R. with his “abusive father.”

Based on the allegations supporting these three causes of action, she asserts a claim for

negligence. Finally, she alleges defendants conspired to “falsely imprison” V.R. and

violate her civil rights.

5 1. State Causes of Action.

Romero-Gold’s stated causes of action fall within the scope of claims for money

or damages, and thus, compliance with the Tort Claims Act filing requirements is

compelled. (Loehr v. Ventura County Community College Dist. (1983) 147 Cal.App.3d

1071, 1079.) Because the facts supporting her claims of defendants’ wrongdoing

occurred prior to January 15, 2011, the date V.R. returned to Romero-Gold’s custody, she

was required to present her claim to the County by July 15, 2011, in order to satisfy the

presentment requirements of the Tort Claims Act. (Gov. Code, § 911.2, subd. (a).) She

presented her claim on November 4, 2011, and did not petition the County or the court

for leave to file a late claim. Thus, her claim was denied as untimely and the trial court

sustained defendants’ demurrer to her action on the same basis.

On appeal, Romero-Gold acknowledges that if the Tort Claims Act statute of

limitations started to run on January 15, 2011, “the federal causes of action survive and

the state causes of action are properly dismissed without leave to amend” because she

filed her claim more than six months after V.R. was returned to her care. However, she

contends that the Tort Claims Act statute of limitations did not start to run until May 4,

2011, the date the dependency action was terminated. We reject her contention.

According to the SAC, throughout V.R.’s dependency, Romero-Gold continuously

charged defendants, and her own counsel, with negligent acts and/or intentionally

violating her rights. Such acts ceased upon V.R.’s return to her custody on January 15,

2011. Although the juvenile court’s jurisdiction over V.R. was not terminated until

May 4, 2011, Romero-Gold has not alleged any negligent acts or intentional violation of

6 her rights from January 15 through May 4, 2011. Nonetheless, she asserts that from

January 15 through May 4, 2011, V.R. was subject to being taken back into CPS’s

custody and thus “[t]his, in and of itself, constitutes a threat and intimidation sufficient to

estop the County from asserting the January 15, 2011 date as the date the governmental

claim filing statute started to run.” We disagree.

A cause of action normally accrues at the time of injury. In some situations, a

cause of action accrues when the plaintiff becomes aware of the defendant’s wrongdoing

as a cause, or could have become aware through the exercise of reasonable diligence.

(Bastian v. County of San Luis Obispo (1988) 199 Cal.App.3d 520, 526-527.) “The

plaintiff is charged with this awareness as of the date he suspects or should suspect that

his injury was caused by wrongdoing, that someone has done something wrong to him.

[¶] Accordingly, the period of limitations will begin to run without regard to whether the

plaintiff is aware of the specific facts necessary to establish his claim, provided that he

has a ‘suspicion of wrongdoing,’ which he is charged with once he has ‘notice or

information of circumstances to put a reasonable person on inquiry.’ [Citation.]”

(McKelvey v. Boeing North American, Inc. (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 151, 160, fn. omitted,

superseded in part by statute as stated in Grisham v. Philip Morris U.S.A., Inc. (2007) 40

Cal.4th 623, 637, fn. 8.)

At the center of each of Romero-Gold’s state tort causes of action is the assertion

that defendants wrongfully removed V.R. from her custody, and then refused to return

him to her. Regardless of the date upon which the court terminated its jurisdiction,

defendants’ alleged wrongful act of keeping V.R. from Romero-Gold ended on

7 January 15, 2011. There are no allegations supporting actionable damages between

January 15, 2011, and May 4, 2011, nor has Romero-Gold established that she can amend

to add allegations of damages within such limitation period. As the trial court observed,

“the false imprisonment, the negligence, conspiracy or emotional distress arguably would

have ended once the child was returned to the mom.” Based on the allegations in the

SAC, we conclude the trial court appropriately found as a matter of law that Romero-

Gold’s government claim accrued no later than January 15, 2011, and thus her

government tort claim, filed in November 2011, was untimely. (Gov. Code, § 911.2,

subd. (a).) Consequently, her state tort causes of action are barred.

We therefore conclude that the trial court properly sustained defendants’ demurrer

to Romero-Gold’s claims for the emotional distress, declaratory relief, negligence, and

conspiracy, without leave to amend.

2. Section 1983 Cause of Action.

“‘[T]he state courts of California should apply federal law to determine whether a

complaint pleads a cause of action under section 1983 sufficient to survive a general

demurrer.’ [Citation.] For the purposes of a demurrer to ‘a section 1983 complaint, the

allegations of the complaint are generally taken as true. [Citation.]’ [Citation.] When a

section 1983 complaint is prepared by counsel, ‘“[t]he controlling standard . . . is that an

action may be dismissed for failure to state a claim only if it ‘appears beyond doubt that

the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to

relief.’ Furthermore, a pleading is insufficient to state a claim under the Civil Rights Act

if the allegations are mere conclusions. [Citations.] Some particularized facts

8 demonstrating a constitutional deprivation are needed to sustain a cause of action under

the Civil Rights Act. [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (Catsouras v. Department of California

Highway Patrol (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 856, 891.)

Defendants demurred to the section 1983 claim on the grounds the SAC failed to

allege any specific federal constitutional violation, the claim was barred by the statute of

limitations, and defendants are immune from liability.

Section 1983, as relevant here, provides: “Every person who, under color of any

statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State . . . subjects, or causes to be

subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation of any rights, privileges,

or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in

an action at law . . . .”

“Under Monell [v. New York City Dept. of Social Services (1978) 436 U.S. 658],

local governments ‘can be sued directly under § 1983 . . . where . . . the action that is

alleged to be unconstitutional implements or executes a policy statement, ordinance,

regulation, or decision officially adopted and promulgated by that body’s officers.

Moreover, . . . local governments . . . may be sued for constitutional deprivations visited

pursuant to governmental “custom” even though such a custom has not received formal

approval through the body’s official decisionmaking channels.’ [Citation.] Local

government includes counties as well as cities. [Citations.] [¶] “However, ‘a

municipality cannot be held liable solely because it employs a tortfeasor — or, in other

words, a municipality cannot be held liable under § 1983 on a respondeat superior

theory.’ [Citation.] Thus, ‘a local government may not be sued under § 1983 for an

9 injury inflicted solely by its employees or agents. Instead, it is when execution of a

government’s policy or custom, whether made by its lawmakers or by those whose edicts

or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy, inflicts the injury that the

government as an entity is responsible under § 1983.’ [Citations.]” (Pitts v. County of

Kern (1998) 17 Cal.4th 340, 348-349.)

Romero-Gold’s section 1983 claim primarily indicts the juvenile dependency

system as being “unfair in its judgment of families” and “a wasteful bureaucracy with no

clear leader and unclear policies,” while specifically alleging that her “rights of

confrontation were violated under color of state law when her children were taken into

custody.” However, these allegations fail to plead facts supporting a finding that

defendants advocate a particular custom, regulation, or policy of falsifying dependency

reports in order to deprive parents of their right to live with their children.2 Instead, they

assert a legal conclusion, unsupported by any facts, that California’s dependency system

is designed to deprive parents, like Romero-Gold, of their constitutional right to their

2 Romero-Gold’s claims, among other things, that local governments “accustomed to resulting flow of taxpayer dollars to balance growing budgets routinely ignore charges against [CPS]”; bonuses and incentives “cause employees to work diligently to exploit children for government money while parents are charged for the cost of their care”; “[f]raud, fabrication, withholding, and destroying of evidence, unnecessary termination of parental rights, and double dipping are common while minors’ rights to confidentiality are used to protect” those associated with the dependency system; “[p]arents . . . are sometimes pressured by CPS agents to divorce their spouse in order to see their children again”; “children die in CPS custody” and relatives are denied custody; children are in “greater danger in CPS custody today than in imperfect homes,” including Romero-Gold’s children; and “[a]pproximately 85% of the children taken into CPS custody should not be taken.” Absent specific facts showing defendants’ harbored such improper motives, these conclusory allegations amount to nothing more than mere speculation.

10 children. “[A] complaint stating only ‘bare legal conclusions,’ even under notice

pleading standards, is not enough to survive a [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure] Rule

12(b)(6) motion. [Citation.]” (Bissessur v. Indiana University Bd. of Trustees (7th Cir.

2009) 581 F.3d 599, 602; see also Revene v. Charles County Com’rs (4th Cir. 1989) 882

F.2d 870, 875 [section 1983 claims are properly dismissed where “critical allegations of a

municipal policy . . . are asserted entirely as legal conclusions.”].)

Defendants’ detention of Romero-Gold’s children, standing alone, is not a federal

constitutional violation. Moreover, the claim that defendants’ detention of her children

was improper and motivated by a desire to deprive her of her constitutional rights, is

factual unsupported. Throughout the dependency proceedings, defendants’ actions were

subject to judicial review. Romero-Gold and her children were represented by counsel.

If defendants wanted to take any improper action designed to deprive Romero-Gold of

her civil rights, the dependency system provided sufficient checks and balances,

including the right to appellate review by this court.

Furthermore, social workers are entitled to absolute immunity “in performing

quasi-prosecutorial functions connected with the initiation and pursuit of child

dependency proceedings.” (Meyers v. Contra Costa County Dept. of Soc. Serv. (9th Cir.

1987) 812 F.2d 1154, 1157.) Otherwise, child services workers could not exercise their

independent judgment in dependency proceedings without fear of a “financially

devastating civil suit.” (Ibid.)

We therefore conclude that the trial court properly sustained defendants’ demurrer

to Romero-Gold’s section 1983 claim without leave to amend.

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III. DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. Defendants are awarded costs on appeal.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

HOLLENHORST

J. We concur:

RAMIREZ

P. J.

KING

J.

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