I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Prestige brought suit on March 25, 2013, alleging various causes of action arising

out of a soured commercial relationship with Wuxi. The complaint alleges that Prestige

is a “Nevada corporation located in Chino, California,” and a “leading designer, supplier

and distributor of custom after-market custom [sic] wheels”; Wuxi is alleged to be one of

Prestige’s manufacturers, based in China.

Prestige attempted to accomplish service of process by personally serving a copy

of the summons and complaint on a Wuxi employee who was visiting plaintiff’s

California corporate headquarters on June 28, 2013. A letter on Wuxi stationery and to

which the company seal had been affixed (though the document was not signed by any

individual) had been sent to Prestige by email and express mail, authorizing the Wuxi

1 All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise specified.

2 employee to (among other things) receive legal documents and accept service of process

on behalf of Wuxi.

Wuxi did not respond to the complaint, and on July 31, 2013, the clerk of the trial

court entered Wuxi’s default. On October 2, 2013, Prestige applied for an order entering

default judgment against Wuxi in the amount of $22,525,499. On October 18, 2013, the

trial court granted the motion in part, entering a default judgment in the amount of

$17,300,000, plus $1,219,719 in prejudgment interest, with postjudgment interest to

accrue at 10 percent per annum.

On April 17, 2014, Wuxi filed a motion seeking an order setting aside the default

judgment, arguing that the attempted service of process was ineffective, because

(1) Prestige did not make or attempt service pursuant to the Hague Convention on the

International Service of Process, (2) the purported service on Wuxi’s employee in

California was “unauthorized and ineffective, and known by [plaintiff] to be a fraud,”

and/or (3) the entry of the default judgment was the result of excusable neglect. Wuxi’s

motion asserted that Wuxi’s chairman of the board and “Legal Representative” from the

company’s inception in 2003 until August 2013, Jiadong Wu, had fraudulently

orchestrated the events leading to the default and default judgment being entered against

Wuxi, for the benefit of his brother, an owner and founder of Prestige. Specifically,

according to Wuxi, Jiadong Wu arranged for the Wuxi employee’s trip to California on

the pretext of a technical meeting (the employee is described as an engineer, without any

management level responsibilities). The employee was given a package of documents

that he did not understand, including the summons and complaint for the present action;

3 when the employee asked Jiadong Wu for instructions, he was told to give the documents

to Jiadong Wu’s assistant. When the assistant and other lower level Wuxi managers

asked Jiadong Wu what to do with the documents, Jiadong Wu told them to do nothing,

and wait for further instructions, which were never given.

According to documents filed in support of Wuxi’s motion, in August 2013,

involuntary bankruptcy proceedings were initiated against Wuxi in China, resulting in

Jiadong Wu’s removal as the company’s “Legal Representative,” and the appointment of

an administrator to take over the company’s affairs. An audit conducted by the

administrator resulted in a report, dated December 2013, finding that Prestige owed Wuxi

over $15.5 million.

In addition to supporting evidence, Wuxi attached to its motion to set aside the

default judgment a proposed motion to quash. The proposed motion to quash reasserts

verbatim many of the same arguments regarding the adequacy of Prestige’s attempt to

serve Wuxi with process as the motion to set aside the default judgment.

The trial court heard argument on Wuxi’s motion to set aside the default judgment

on June 10, 2014. It took the matter under submission, but later on the same date issued a

minute order granting the motion “under 473(b) CCP.” In the same minute order, the

court deemed the proposed motion to quash filed and served upon payment of motion

fees, and reserved a hearing date for it.

4

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

A motion to vacate a default and default judgment under section 473 is reviewed

for abuse of discretion. (Parage v. Couedel (1997) 60 Cal.App.4th 1037, 1041

(Parage).) “‘[B]ecause the law strongly favors trial and disposition on the merits, any

doubts in applying section 473 must be resolved in favor of the party seeking relief from

default. [Citations.]’” (Id. at p. 1042, quoting Elston v. City of Turlock (1985) 38 Cal.3d

227, 233.) When the trial court makes factual findings in connection with a motion under

section 473, we affirm those findings if they are supported by substantial evidence. (See

Milton v. Perceptual Development Corp. (1997) 53 Cal.App.4th 861, 867.) Under that

standard, “[a]n appellate court's ‘. . . power begins and ends with a determination as to

whether there is any substantial evidence to support [the factual findings]; [it has] no

power to judge of the effect or value of the evidence, to weigh the evidence, to consider

the credibility of the witnesses, or to resolve conflicts in the evidence or in the reasonable

inferences that may be drawn therefrom.’” (Orange County Employees Assn. v. County

of Orange (1988) 205 Cal.App.3d 1289, 1293, second italics omitted.)

B. Analysis

1. The Relief Granted Exceeded that Authorized by the Statutory Provision on

Which the Trial Court Relied.

Prestige contends that Wuxi’s motion was not timely filed, and was not

accompanied by a copy of a proposed answer or other pleading, so the trial court erred by

vacating the default judgment pursuant to section 473, subdivision (b). We agree.

5 Section 473 provides in relevant part: “The court may, upon any terms as may be

just, relieve a party or his or her legal representative from a judgment, dismissal, order, or

other proceeding taken against him or her through his or her mistake, inadvertance,

surprise, or excusable neglect. Application for this relief shall be accompanied by a copy

of the answer or other pleading proposed to be filed therein, otherwise the application

shall not be granted, and shall be made within a reasonable time, in no case exceeding six

months, after the judgment, dismissal, order, or proceeding was taken.” (§ 473, subd.

(b).) Thus, the statutory scheme imposes on a party the obligation to file a motion for

relief in a reasonable time, and in any event within six months of the judgment, dismissal,

order, or proceeding at issue. (See, e.g., Huh v. Wang (2007) 158 Cal.App.4th 1406,

1418-1419 (Huh) [motion for relief must be procedurally proper, and within time limits].)

Because relief from a default judgment, without relief from the default itself, would be

illusory relief, allowing another default judgment to be entered, the time generally runs

from the entry of the default, rather than from the time of the judgment.2 (Rutan v.

Summit Sports, Inc. (1985) 173 Cal.App.3d 965, 907 (Rutan) (overruled by statute on

other grounds, see Sugasawara v. Newland (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 294, 296-297.)

Here, Wuxi’s motion to set aside the default judgment was filed within six months

of the entry of the default judgment, but more than six months after the entry of default.

Moreover, the motion was not accompanied by a proposed answer or other pleading, only

2 The primary exception is when the motion is accompanied by an attorney affidavit of fault, in which case the deadline is no more than six months after entry of judgment. (§ 473, subd. (b).) This exception does not apply here.

6 a motion to quash. (See § 422.10 [“The pleadings allowed in civil actions are complaints,

demurrers, answers, and cross-complaints.”].) As such, Wuxi’s motion was both

untimely and failed to comply with procedural requirements, so the statutory language of

section 473, subdivision (b) does not provide an appropriate basis for the trial court’s

order setting aside the default judgment. (Huh, supra, 158 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1418-

1419.)

In its briefing on appeal, Wuxi points to language in Goddard v. Pollock (1974) 37

Cal.App.3d 137, 141, which it argues supports the notion that a motion to quash is a

pleading. In Goddard, the Court of Appeal considered the question of whether the clerk

had erred by entering default against a defendant while a motion to quash was pending:

“A motion to quash service of summons is specifically mentioned in section 585 and

clearly constitutes a ‘pleading’ which, if timely filed, would have precluded the clerk

from thereafter entering defendants’ default.” (Goddard, supra, at p. 141.) Wuxi pays

too little attention, however, to the scare quotes the Goddard court puts around the word

“pleading,” indicating that the word is being used in a nonstandard manner. (Ibid.) The

Goddard case is best understood to recognize that, like a pleading, a timely filed motion

to quash precludes the subsequent entry of default against a defendant; it does not stand

for the proposition that a motion to quash is a pleading.

Wuxi’s reliance on Benedict v. Danner Press (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 923 and MJS

Enterprises, Inc. v. Superior Court (1984) 153 Cal.App.3d 555, in support of the

proposition that a motion to quash should be considered a “pleading” in the meaning of

section 473, is also misplaced. In each of these cases, the defendant had filed both a

7 motion under section 473 and a motion to quash service of process. (Benedict, supra, at

p. 926; MJS Enterprises, supra, at p. 557.) Neither case indicates, however, that the court

viewed the motion to quash service of process to satisfy the “answer or other pleading”

requirement of section 473, subdivision (b). Indeed, it is expressly permitted for a party

to file a motion to quash simultaneously with an answer or other pleading without being

deemed to have made a general appearance unless and until the motion to quash has been

denied, and any subsequent writ proceedings have concluded. (See § 418.10, subds.

(e)(1) & (2).) And the same principle applies to a motion to quash filed simultaneously

with a motion under section 473, regardless of the requirement that a proposed answer or

other pleading be attached to a section 473 motion. (See § 418.10, Judicial Council

comment [defendant is permitted to join motion to quash with motion to set aside a

default or default judgment, without either being deemed a general appearance].) Put

another way: nothing prevented Wuxi from complying with the procedural requirement

of section 473 that an answer or other proposed pleading be attached to the motion to set

aside the default judgment, while simultaneously lodging its motion to quash.

In short, Wuxi’s motion to set aside the default judgment was both untimely,

because filed more than six months after the underlying default, and procedurally

deficient, for lack of an attached answer or other pleading. As such, the trial court erred

in relying on the statutory powers granted by section 473, subdivision (b) as a basis to set

aside the default judgment.

8 2. The Trial Court Made No Findings that Could Support Any Alternative Basis

for Setting Aside the Default Judgment.

Having concluded that the trial court exceeded its statutory authority under section

473, subdivision (b), we turn to the question of whether there is any other appropriate

basis for us to affirm the order. (See Town of Atherton v. California High-Speed Rail

Authority (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 314, 354, fn. 13 [“‘In reviewing a trial court’s

decision, we review the result, not the reasoning.’”].) On the present record, we find

none.

“After six months from entry of default, a trial court may still vacate a default on

equitable grounds even if statutory relief is unavailable.” (Rappleyea v. Campbell (1994)

8 Cal.4th 975, 981.) Courts have applied a three-part test to determine whether equitable

relief may be granted; first, the party seeking relief must show a meritorious defense;

second, that party must identify an excuse which the court finds to be satisfactory for the

failure to present the defense; and, finally, that party must have acted diligently to set

aside the default once discovered. (Id. at p. 982.) With respect to the second prong of

this test, a finding of either extrinsic fraud or mistake will justify exercise of the court’s

equitable power to set aside the judgment. “Extrinsic fraud occurs when a party is

deprived of the opportunity to present his claim or defense to the court; where he was

kept ignorant or, other than from his own negligence, fraudulently prevented from fully

participating in the proceeding. . . . The essence of extrinsic fraud is one party’s

preventing the other from having his day in court.” (City and County of San Francisco v.

Cartagena (1995) 35 Cal.App.4th 1061, 1067.) “[E]xtrinsic mistake” is “a term broadly

9 applied when circumstances extrinsic to the litigation have unfairly cost a party a hearing

on the merits.” (Rappleyea, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 981.) “‘Relief is denied, however, if a

party has been given notice of an action and has not been prevented from participating

therein.’” (Parage, supra, 60 Cal.App.4th at p. 1044.)

In addition to the court’s inherent power to grant equitable relief, section 473

authorizes the court to, “on motion of either party after notice to the other party, set aside

any void judgment or order.” (§ 473, subd. (d).) “Where a party moves under section

743, subdivision (d) to set aside ‘a judgment that, though valid on its face, is void for lack

of proper service, the courts have adopted by analogy the statutory period for relief from

a default judgment’ provided by section 473.5, that is, the two-year outer limit.”

(Trackman v. Kenney (2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 175, 180.)

The trial court, however, did not rule on these issues. The determination of

whether either of these alternative bases for vacating the default judgment and the

underlying default should be applied rests on issues of fact. We cannot infer that the trial

court implicitly made the necessary findings of fact, because its order excludes that

possibility: had the trial court found the service of process to be ineffective, based on

Wuxi’s allegations of fraud or any other basis, it would not have set a hearing for Wuxi’s

motion to quash, but would simply have granted the motion. “‘Although an appellate

court may affirm an order upon a theory of law other than that adopted by the trial court,

it is not appropriate to do so by exercising a discretion and making factual decisions to

10 which the trial court has never addressed itself.’” (Rutan, supra, 173 Cal.App.3d at p.

974.) We will therefore remand the matter for further proceedings.3

III. DISPOSITION

The order appealed from is reversed, and the matter remanded for further

proceedings, including a determination of whether the default and default judgment

entered against Wuxi should be set aside pursuant to section 473, subdivision (d), or

pursuant to the court’s inherent equitable power. The parties shall each bear their own

costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(5).)

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

HOLLENHORST

Acting P. J.

I concur:

CODRINGTON

J.

3 We acknowledge Prestige’s argument that there is no evidence in the record sufficient to support a finding of extrinsic fraud, or otherwise to find the service of process on Wuxi ineffective. We disagree. We need not discuss the matter at length, but note here that Prestige’s arguments only demonstrate the existence of factual disputes between the parties, not the absence of any evidence in support of Wuxi’s version of events, even if the record is viewed in the light most favorable to Wuxi. As such, the trial court must make the necessary findings of fact in the first instance.

11 [Prestige Autotech Corporation v. Wuxi Chenhwat Almatech Co., E061541]

MILLER, J., Concurring.

I respectfully concur with my colleagues. I believe the result they reached in this

case is correct. I write separately in order to address a singular point.

I believe a motion to quash could be sufficient as a pleading, in and of itself, to

include with a motion to be relieved from default (Code Civ. Proc., § 473, subd. (b))

when the defendant is arguing a lack of minimum contacts with the forum (see Vons

Companies, Inc. v. Seabest Foods, Inc. (1996) 14 Cal.4th 434, 445-448 [minimum

contacts]; see also Flick v. Exxon Corp. (1976) 58 Cal.App.3d 212, 220 [same]). If a

defendant is asserting a lack of minimum contacts, then it would be logical to only attach

a motion to quash to the motion for relief from default. (See Pavlovich v. Superior Court

(2002) 29 Cal.4th 262, 287 [motion to quash appropriate when there is a lack of

minimum contacts]; see also Floveyor International, Ltd. v. Superior Court (1997) 59

Cal.App.4th 789, 797 [same].)

In the instant case, Wuxi Chenhwat Almatech Co. (Wuxi) is not arguing a lack of

minimum contacts. Rather, Wuxi is arguing: (1) cases should be decided on their merits;

(2) Wuxi is owed money by Prestige; and (3) Wuxi’s “failure to file an answer . . . did not

represent a default.” In other words, Wuxi appears to be seeking relief from default so

that Wuxi can be served and file an answer. Given that Wuxi wants to litigate the matter

in this jurisdiction, Wuxi’s motion for relief from default was insufficient due to Wuxi

only attaching a motion to quash. Therefore, while I believe a minimum contacts

1 argument would permit attaching only a motion to quash to a motion for relief from

default, that exception does not apply in this case.

MILLER

J.

2