OPINION

Plaintiff-appellant, Paper Operations Consultants International, Ltd., appeals from an order granting the motion of defendant-appellee, Universal Marine Corporation, 1 to dismiss an admiralty ac *669 tion on the ground of forum non conven-iens.

The plaintiff is a Bahamian corporation with its principal office in Palm Beach, Florida. Defendant Universal Marine Corporation is a foreign corporation organized under the laws of Liberia. It is the owner of the SS Hong Kong Amber, a foreign vessel flying a Liberian flag and of Liberian registry. 2 The SS Hong Kong Amber operates as a common carrier of merchandise between ports on the west coast of North America and the Far East.

The plaintiff, through defendant’s general agent in New York, Thor Eckert and Co., Inc., arranged to ship certain papermaking machinery and accessories on the SS Hong Kong Amber from Vancouver, British Columbia, to the Port of Singapore. Plaintiff delivered the cargo to defendant in Vancouver. Vancouver Weighmark Co., Ltd., a Canadian corporation with offices in Vancouver, acted as the plaintiff’s freight forwarder. Western Overseas Shipping, Ltd., another Canadian corporation doing business in Vancouver, served as agent for the SS Hong Kong Amber in Vancouver at the time of the shipment. The bill of lading covering the shipment was issued by Orient Maritime Agencies, the face of the bill showing an address in Los Angeles and 311 California Street, San Francisco. The cargo was delivered in Singapore seriously damaged, and portions of the cargo were missing entirely.

Plaintiff submitted a claim for the damage to defendant’s general agent in New York. The agent requested that plaintiff “forward all documents to Orient Maritime Agencies, 311 California Street, San Francisco, to the attention of Court Lindsay for direct handling”. Negotiations were commenced with the San Francisco office of Orient Maritime Agencies as directed. When the negotiations failed, plaintiff filed suit in San Francisco.

In granting the defendant’s motion to dismiss on the grounds of forum non conveniens, the district court held that under the circumstances the litigation of the matter in San Francisco as opposed to Vancouver would not result in the kind of hardship to the defendant “necessary to dismiss this action”. Concluding however, that Vancouver was a more appropriate forum for the action, the court stated:

The court granted defendant’s motion “on the condition that defendant consent *670 to the jurisdiction of the Canadian courts and waive any defense of statute of limitations which would not have been available to it in the instant action”.

The sole issue on appeal is whether the district court abused its discretion in granting the shipowner’s motion to dismiss on the ground of forum non con-veniens.

The doctrine of forum non conveniens is based on the inherent power of the courts to decline jurisdiction in exceptional circumstances. See Canada Malting Co. v. Paterson Steamships, Ltd., 285 U.S. 413, 422-423 , 52 S.Ct. 413 , 76 L.Ed. 837 (1932). The continued vitality of the doctrine in federal courts was severely limited with the passage of 28 U.S.C. § 1404 (a), which provides that “for the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any other district or division where it might have been brought”. The federal courts, however, “retain the inherent power to refuse jurisdiction of cases not within § 1404(a) — cases, which should have been brought in a foreign jurisdiction, rather than in the United States”. Vanity Fair Mills v. T. Eaton Co., 234 F.2d 633, 645 (2 Cir. 1956), cert. den. 352 U.S. 871 , 77 S.Ct. 96 , 1 L.Ed.2d 76 (1956); Yerostathis v. A. Luisi, Ltd., 380 F.2d 377, 379 (9 Cir. 1967).

The ultimate question to be decided in determining whether the doctrine of forum non conveniens is applicable is whether “ ‘the forum chosen by the plaintiff is so completely inappropriate and inconvenient that it is better to stop the litigation in the place where brought and let it start all over again somewhere else’ ”. Norwood v. Kirkpatrick, 349 U.S. 29, 31 , 75 S.Ct. 544, 546 , 99 L.Ed. 789 (1955) citing All States Freight v. Modarelli, 196 F.2d 1010, 1011 (3 Cir. 1952). This determination is entrusted to the sound discretion of the trial court. An appellate court may only reverse the decision of the district court if it constitutes an abuse of discretion. It is not the role of the appellate court to determine how it would have exercised its jurisdiction had the facts been presented to it. The Belgenland, 114 U.S. 355, 368 , 5 S.Ct. 860 , 27 L.Ed. 152 (1885); The Kanto Maru, 112 F.2d 564 , 565 (9 Cir. 1940); Yerostathis v. A. Luisi, Ltd., supra, 380 F.2d at 379 .

Various standards have been articulated to guide courts in determining whether an action should be dismissed on the ground of forum non conveniens. The district court relied on the following standard enunciated by the Third Circuit in Hoffman v. Goberman, 420 F.2d 423, 426-7 (1970):

As indicated, the district court specifically found that any hardship that the defendant claimed it would suffer if the action were not dismissed was not “the kind of hardship necessary to dismiss this action”. In so concluding, the court placed considerable weight on the fact that the defendant had initially requested the plaintiff to process its claim in San Francisco. The plaintiff, acting as requested, retained San Francisco counsel. The court thus held that the first of the two Hoffman tests, i. e. oppression and vexation of the defendant, was not applicable. 4

*671 In dismissing the action, the district court relied on the second test of Hoffman , i. e. that “the chosen forum was inappropriate because of considerations affecting the court’s own administrative and legal problems”. 5 Determining whether a forum is appropriate under the second Hoffman test requires a balancing of many considerations which affect the ability of the court to effectively and efficiently resolve a controversy. 6 In addition, the test requires a determination of whether a sufficient nexus exists between the controversy and the proposed forum to obligate the courts to expend the time and resources necessary to resolve the matter. 7

The Supreme Court in Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 508-509 , 67 S.Ct. 839 , 91 L.Ed. 1055 (1947) listed numerous factors for consideration:

The Court in Gulf Oil Corp. cautioned that in considering these and other factors, 8 the plaintiff’s choice of forum should “rarely be disturbed” unless the balance is “strongly in favor” of adjudicating the matter in another forum. Id. Although Gulf Oil Corp. was a non-admiralty case and did not involve foreign nationals, its reasoning has been applied in admiralty cases of this nature. Yeros-tathis, supra, 380 F.2d at 378 ; Transom-nia v. M/S Toryu, 311 F.Supp. 751, 752 (S.D.N.Y.1970).

Numerous factors, including many of those suggested in Gulf Oil Corp., were relied upon by the district court in find *672 ing that under the second test in Hoffman San Francisco was not an appropriate forum. Foremost among those factors was the fact that both the plaintiff and the defendant Universal Marine Corp. were foreign nationals. While the courts have been reluctant to apply the doctrine of forum non conveniens if its application “would force an American citizen to seek redress in a foreign court”, Vanity Fair Mills, supra, 234 F.2d at 646 ; Burt v. Isthmus Development Co., 218 F.2d 353, 357 (5 Cir. 1955), cert. den. 349 U.S. 922 , 75 S.Ct. 661 , 99 L.Ed. 1254 (1955), here neither party is an American citizen. The plaintiff is a Bahamian corporation and the ship owner a Liberian corporation.

In addition, no American interests are involved. The only factors in any way connecting the United States to this dispute were the initial booking of the cargo shipment in New York, the pre-litigation negotiations between plaintiff’s San Francisco counsel and Orient Maritime Agencies in San Francisco, and the bill of lading issued by Orient Maritime Agencies. At best, the connection of San Francisco and the United States to this controversy must be considered minimal. See Sherkat Tazamoni Auto Inter-nash v. Hellenic Lines, Limited, 277 F.Supp. 462, 463 (S.D.N.Y.1967). 9

All of the primary activities and contracts which form the basis of the lawsuit occurred outside of the United States, and San Francisco in particular. The cargo was loaded in Vancouver; Vancouver was the port of departure of the SS Hong Kong Amber; Vancouver Weighmark Co., Ltd. acted as plaintiff’s freight forwarder and another Canadian Corp., Western Overseas Shipping Ltd., served as agent for the SS Hong Kong Amber in Vancouver; the damage to the cargo occurred between Vancouver and Singapore and not in American waters; most of the witnesses and documents were in Vancouver or places outside of the United States; 10 and Canadian law was applicable. Considering all of these factors in light of the fact that San Francisco’s only contact was that the pre-litigation negotiations had occurred there, we conclude that in dismissing the plaintiff’s action on the ground of forum non conveniens, the lower court did not abuse its discretion. 11 The balance strongly favored Vancouver as the appropriate forum for the resolution of this controversy. Adjudication of the controversy in San Francisco would create burdensome administrative problems for the court and would constitute an unjustified imposition on the resources of the court.

The court granted the motion to dismiss on the express “condition that defendant consent to the jurisdiction of the Canadian courts and waive any defense of statute of limitations which would not have been available to it” had the matter been heard in San Francisco. The danger that the statute of limitations might serve to bar an action is one of the primary reasons for the limitation on the court’s discretion with respect to the *673 application of the doctrine of forum non conveniens. As the Supreme Court, quoting from All States Freight v. Mo-darelli, supra, 196 F.2d at 1011 , stated:

The court’s conditional dismissal obviously resolves this problem.

Affirmed.

. Universal Marine is the owner of the defendant SS Hong Kong Amber. The defendants Orient Maritime Agencies and United Transo *669 ceanic Shipping Corporation are agents of Universal Marine. Defendant Orient Overseas Line “is a trade name for certain vessels, including the SS Hong Kong Amber, operated by the Chinese Maritime Trust Co., Ltd. of Taipei, Taiwan”. Universal Marine will be referred to hereinafter as the defendant or appellee.

. In its Memorandum and Order, the district court noted that the owner of the SS Hong Kong Amber is from Vancouver, British Columbia. The parties agree that this is not correct and that Universal Marine, a Liberian corporation, is the owner.

. Citing Koster v. Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., 1947, 330 U.S. 518, 524 , 67 S.Ct. 828 , 91 L.Ed. 1067 .

. Appellant contends that because the court concluded that there was not sufficient hardship shown by the defendant to dismiss the action, the motion to dismiss had to be denied. Appellant, however, overlooks the fact that matters other than defendant’s hardship may properly be considered by a court in determining whether to apply the doctrine of forum non conveniens in a case of this nature. See Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 508-509 , 67 S.Ct. 839 , 91 L.Ed. 1055 (1947).

. In contending that the district court applied the wrong theory of law, appellant refers to the court’s statement that it “must address the question of whether it would be more convenient to try the case in Vancouver”. It is true that standing alone this statement could be interpreted to mean that any balance of convenience in favor of an alternate forum is sufficient to warrant dismissal. This clearly is not the rule. Reading the court’s opinion as a whole, however, we conclude that the proper standard was applied. The court found only one reason why San Francisco might serve as a forum, i. e. pre-litigation negotiations had taken place there. On the other hand, the court lists many reasons why Vancouver would be more appropriate, finding that the balance clearly favored Vancouver.

. As stated in Vanity Fair Mills, supra, 234 F.2d at 645 :

. Many of the same facts must be considered and balanced in determining whether the chosen forum is appropriate under either of the tests in Hoffman .

. The Court recognized that, “Wisely, it has not been attempted to catalogue the circumstances which will justify or require either grant or denial of remedy”; and that the “doctrine leaves much to the discretion of the court to which plaintiff resorts”. Id. 330 U.S. at 508, 67 S.Ct. at 843.

. The district court relied in part on Hellenic Lines, Limited . The plaintiff in that case was an Iranian corporation and defendant a Greek corporation. The court conditioned its dismissal on defendant’s consent to jurisdiction in the courts of either Iran or Greece.

. Appellant contends that the district court erred in concluding that most of the witnesses are located in Vancouver. The record does not disclose precisely what witnesses will be called or where they are located. As appellee notes, appellant’s second cause of action raises the question of whether the cargo was to be stowed on-deck or under-deck. Appellant concedes that with respect to that issue the district court could properly conclude that the witnesses would be located in Vancouver. With regard to other witnesses that might be called, there is nothing to indicate that any of them are in San Francisco. The only witness recognized by the court to be in the United States is located in Florida.

. In reaching this conclusion we hold that the district court properly relied on the second test of Hoffman, supra, in dismissing on the ground of forum non conveniens. We agree with the district court also that the first test was not applicable. We do not mean to hold that the two tests are mutually exclusive. Private and public factors together may justify a forum non conveniens dismissal, as developed further in the concurring opinion.