Leonard

Defendants were charged with the crime of criminal syndicalism under an indictment in two counts, each count averring that the crime was committed in Los Angeles County. In the first count it was charged that each of the defendants did “organize and assist in organizing and knowingly became members” of the Industrial Workers of the World, the nature and character of which organization is then averred. The second count charges, “for a second and separate cause of action . . . , and being a different statement of the same offense charged” in the first count, that “the said defendants are accused ... of the crime of criminal syndicalism, a felony, ... to wit: That the said defendants, and each of them . . . and the members of said Industrial Workers of the World, by joining and becoming members of said organization, agreed to enter into and did enter into a conspiracy ... to bring about a change of industrial ownership and effecting political changes” in California and the United States, “and as a part of said conspiracy, ... to use force and violence and unlawful methods of terrorism to bring about such changes, and ... to teach, advocate, aid and abet, commit and attempt to commit…