On the first count, the third count, and the fourth count of an accusation against him, A. J. Morgan-stern was found guilty of violation of his duty as an attorney and counselor at law and of moral turpitude, dishonesty, and corruption, following which, by a judgment of the court, his permanent disbarment was ordered.

On the first count of the accusation it appears that appellant, acting as an attorney, was representing one Lewis H. Gilman, who was charged with murder; that under an agreement with Agnes Gilman, the wife of > said defendant, appellant received from her seven railroad bonds which were to be hypothecated as security for a loan of $5,000 to be used by appellant for the purpose of paying all legal and other expenses in connection with the case against Lewis H. Gilman; that appellant procured the loan, but later sold the said railroad bonds for $5,690, with the understanding, as between him and Mrs. Gilman, that the difference between the loan and the amount received on the sale of the bonds, to wit, the sum of $690, was to be deposited in a bank to the credit of Agnes Gilman; that appellant neither deposited the $690 to Mrs. Gilman’s credit nor paid to her any part thereof; that thereafter, and at a time when Mrs. Gilman was under stress of great sorrow, weak in health and mind, and in a constant state of agitation and worry over the situation of her husband, appellant, taking advantage of her necessities, represented to her “that Lewis H. Gilman’s neck was in danger” and that in order to secure his acquittal it would be necessary that $2,000 additional be furnished for the purpose of getting control of the jury which would try Lewis H. Gilman, and thereby appellant induced Mrs. Gilman to mortgage her home, which she did, and thereafter delivered $1,800 to appellant; that the $1,800 was not received by appellant for any proper expenditure in connection with the defense of Lewis H. Gil-man, but that at all times appellant intended to and he did use the said sum of $1,800 for his own benefit; that the aggregate of said sums so received by appellant from Mrs. Gilman was grossly excessive and was wholly disproportionate to any service to be rendered or any needs or exigencies of the case and to the ability of either the defendant or Mrs. Gilman to pay, all of which was well known by said appellant at the time.

The third count of the accusation, in substance, charges appellant with having collected $100 from a client for the purpose of making a deposit on an order for a court reporter’s transcript of testimony to be used on an appeal for said client; that appellant converted the $100 to his own use, and for a period of over two months appellant fraudulently failed to deliver the $100 to the court reporter, and by reason thereof the client lost his right of appeal.

By the fourth accusation appellant is charged with having filed with the court his own false affidavit which was intended to be and was used by him for the purpose of deceiving and misleading the judge of the court in connection with his motion that his client be relieved from “excusable neglect” in permitting his right of appeal to lapse in the same action in which, under count three of the accusation, appellant was charged with having misappropriated the sum of $100.

Mr. Morganstern appeals from the judgment and attacks the sufficiency of the accusation, first, because, instead of the accusation being presented by “a regularly organized bar association,” as provided by section 291 of the Code of Civil Procedure (as amended by Stats. 1921, p. 100, sec. 3), the Lawyers’ Institute of San Diego, a corporation, appears as the accusing party. The statute referred to merely provides that the accusation may be presented by an organized bar association, without specifying whether it shall be incorporated or unincorporated; and the fact that the accuser was a corporation instead of an unincorporated association did not place it outside the terras of the statute. Counsel for appellant also contend that the corporation was acting in excess of its powers in the premises- Its articles of incorporation disclose that the purposes for which it was formed include the following:

“To co-operate with and supplement the present Bar Association, and to supply an agency whereby their ideals may be made effective in daily practice.

“To maintain a standard, through the careful selection and supervision of its members, which will enable the public to employ such members professionally with full faith in their diligence and integrity.”

While the statement of such purposes contains no express provision with reference to instigating or instituting actions in the nature of disbarment proceedings, the expressions “whereby their ideals may be made effective in daily prac-' tice,” and the declared object of maintaining a certain standard among the members of the bar, are certainly broad enough to include within the implied powers of the corporation the course adopted by the corporation in this proceed-' ing. !

Further complaint is made that the accusation is' neither signed nor verified by the corporation itself, but is signed by E. E. Hubbell as president, and by Harrison G. Sloane as assistant secretary, in behalf of the accuser, and that it is verified by E. E. Hubbell, not in his individual capacity, but also in behalf of said accuser. There is nothing in the statute which requires that the accusation be signed by either the corporation, or by any association, or, indeed, by any person. Section 290 of the Code of Civil Procedure requires only that the accusation be in writing, and section 291 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that the verification, when presented by an organized bar association, may be made on information and belief. The form of the verification annexed to the accusation, so far as is here material, is that affiant “has been informed of all the matters therein alleged, and he believes them to be true, and upon such information and belief, states that each and all of the charges therein contained are true.” The verification in itself is a sufficient compliance with the

requirements of the statute, and the further objection by-appellant that nothing in the accusation is stated on information and belief, is beside the point that the verification is prejudically defective. The sufficiency of the oath to the accusation must be determined solely from an inspection of the verification. (In re Collins, 147 Cal. 11 [ 81 Pac. 220 ].)

Appellant claims immunity because of the asserted fact that he was accused under subdivision 5 of section 287 of the Code of Civil Procedure—his reason being that although said subdivision was enacted in 1911, it was not until after June 29, 1921, that any direct method of procedure was provided by statute for enforcing that particular subdivision, and that the acts of which he is accused were committed before the enforcing statute took effect. In a matter of this nature the court is not authorized to disbar or suspend an attorney for the commission of acts not included within the terms of the statutes governing such proceedings. (In re Collins, 147 Cal. 11, 13 [ 81 Pac. 220 ].) The statute (sec. 287, Code Civ. Proc.) containing both subdivisions 2 and 5 thereof, under which the accusation here is based, was passed long before the time when it is alleged appellant committed the various acts set forth in the accusation herein. While the question of the force of statutes subsequently passed for the purpose of providing the necessary procedure when acting under the provisions of subdivision 5 of section 287 of the Code of Civil Procedure is presented by counsel for appellant under the contention that such a law would be ex post facto and consequently of no validity as to appellant’s case here, it has been held in a disbarment proceeding that where, under the provisions of section 187 of the Code of Civil Procedure, no procedure is expressly prescribed in the statute for the removal of an attorney, any suitable process or mode of proceeding may be adopted which may appear most conformable with the spirit of the code. (Barnes v. District Court of Appeal, 178 Cal. 504 [ 173 Pac. 1100 ].) In the instant case the procedure adopted was that indicated by the provisions of section 289 of the Code of Civil Procedure, as applicable to all the different subdivisions of section 287 of the Code of Civil Procedure (with the exception of subdivision 1 thereof), as section 289 of the Code of Civil Procedure read prior to the amendment thereof in 1921 (Stats. 1921, p. 99, sec. 2). Certainly the adoption of such procedure was “most conformable with the spirit of the code.” Moreover, it appears that it is alleged in each of the five counts of the accusation against appellant that the acts with which he was charged were in violation of subdivision 2 of section 287 of the Code of Civil Procedure—such allegation in each count being “that A. J. Morganstem has been, and now is, guilty of violation of his duty as such attorney and counselor at law in the following particulars, to wit.” As heretofore set out, the court found in identical language with the charging clause of the accusation and, in addition thereto, that he was “guilty of moral turpitude, dishonesty and corruption.” Also, that all of the allegations of the first, third, and fourth counts of the accusation were true. That the alleged acts also constituted moral turpitude, dishonesty, or corruption, in the language of subdivision 5 of section 287 of the Code of Civil Procedure, do not necessarily place the accusation as falling solely under that particular subdivision. Where, as here, the alleged acts are such that they show moral turpitude, dishonesty, or corruption in violation of his duties as an attorney and counselor and committed in the course of the practice of his profession, he may be proceeded against under either subdivision 2 or under subdivision 5 of section 287 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Under subdivision 2 of section 287 of the Code of Civil Procedure, there is no limitation upon the power of the court to entertain a motion for the removal or suspension of an attorney. (Ex parte Tyler, 107 Cal. 83 [ 40 Pac. 33 ]. And see Disbarment of Danford, 157 Cal. 425 [ 108 Pac. 322 ]; In re Treadwell, 67 Cal. 353 [ 7 Pac. 724 ]; Disbarment of Wharton, 114 Cal. 367 [ 55 Am. St. Rep. 72 , 46 Pac. 172 ].)

It is contended that the amendment to section 291 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which permits the verification to the accusation to be made on information and belief when the accusation is presented by an organized bar association, is special legislation and consequently void under the provisions of subdivision 19 of section 25 of article IV, as well as by the provisions of section 21 of article I of the California constitution.

The statute very clearly provides that when an accusation is presented by a particular class, to wit, an organized bar association, the procedure for the verification of the accusation shall he different from that required when an accusation is presented by any other class or by an individual. There is no attempt in the statute to divide the bar associations into incorporated or unincorporated associations, or to make any other distinction among them. They are all grouped together into one great class, and the rule is that a law will be held to be general and not special which applies uniformly to all persons included within a class which is founded upon some reasonable and natural or intrinsic distinction. (City of Pasadena v. Stimson, 91 Cal. 251 [ 27 Pac. 604 ]; Darcy v. Mayor of San Jose, 104 Cal. 642 [ 38 Pac. 500 ]; Rode v. Siebe, 119 Cal. 521 [39 L. R. A. 342, 51 Pac. 869 ]; Deyoe v. Superior Court, 140 Cal. 481 [ 98 Am. St. Rep. 73 , 74 Pac. 28 ] ; Ex parte King, 157 Cal. 164 [ 106 Pac. 578 ].) There is good reason for the distinction made in the statute and a most natural one. Bar associations exist wherever groups of lawyers are to be found. It is the case with most bar associations, as with the one involved in this proceeding, that one of the purposes of their organization is “to supply an agency whereby their ideals may be made effective in daily practice.” One of the ideals of lawyers is to maintain a standard which will insure to the public honesty and fair dealing in its transactions with members of the bar, and in order to do so it is necessary that a wholesome supervision should be exercised. Complaints of professional misconduct of any lawyer in a given community are usually referred to the bar association of that particular place and if, upon investigation, the facts appear to warrant action in the courts, proceedings for disbarment are instituted. Par from having a personal knowledge of all the facts in a given case, no member of the bar association may have personal knowledge of any relevant fact going to make up the charge against the accused. The bar association as an entire body, as well as each individual member thereof ordinarily has no direct knowledge other than such as it or he may have acquired through hearsay communication. It is, therefore, eminently proper that, depending upon what appears to be reliable information, any member of the association, or, indeed, any other person, should be permitted to verify the accusation on “information and belief.” Such may have been some of the reasons existing in minds of the legislators of this state when the statute in question was passed. As is stated in Ex parte King, supra, the question is one primarily for the legislature to determine, and that it is reasonable to assume that the legislature, in creating the class, had reasons therefor which were good and sufficient in themselves. It is only when it clearly appears that there was no sufficient reason for making a distinction that a court will be warranted in adjudging the act void. (Grumbach v. Lelande, 154 Cal. 684 [ 98 Pac. 1059 ].) It follows that, no substantial reason being shown why the legislature should not have created bar associations as a class, nor why an accusation presented by a bar association should not be verified on information and belief, the statute of which complaint is made is not special legislation 'within the meaning of the sections of the state constitution to which reference has been made.

The next reason assigned by appellant for a reversal of the judgment relates to an amendment to the first accusation in the pleadings. It appears that after the ease had been tried and coincident with the entry of judgment it was ordered by the court that the amendment to which objection is now talten be filed. Counsel complain that the amendment presented an entirely different cause of action from that originally filed against appellant, and that before the filing of the amendment appellant had no notice that he was charged with the commission of any of the acts or offenses set forth in the amendment. The record is silent as to any objection ever having been taken to the filing of the amendment; but the record does disclose the fact that the issues presented by the amendment were fully met by appellant by evidence adduced at the trial. The case, so far as that feature was concerned, was fairly tried, and consequently appellant was in nowise injured by reason of an amendment which conformed to the proof.

An objection by counsel for appellant to the “general manner of proceedings” herein, and especially directing attention to the fact that a motion was granted by the court permitting the taking of the deposition of appellant and other witnesses preceding the trial, on the ground that a disbarment proceeding is quasi criminal in its nature and consequently that appellant was entitled to be confronted by the witnesses and to cross-examine them, is next to be con sidered. The record shows that there was no restriction placed upon counsel with reference to the cross-examination of the witnesses whose depositions were taken, and that appellant was accorded and that he availed himself of every right in that regard which he would have possessed had the examination been in open court. There is nothing in the statutes to which attention has been directed which would indicate that a matter in disbarment is other than a special proceeding, and assuming it to be such, the rule for taking depositions therein is directly covered by section 2021, of the Code of Civil Procedure. In cases in which the nature of a disbarment proceeding is involved, or where the right to take depositions on the part of the relator in such a proceeding have been brought in question, the opinion of the court has been against appellant’s contention. In a matter entitled In re Wellcome, 23 Mont. 259 [ 58 Pac. 711 ], it is held that a proceeding in disbarment is not a criminal action; that under the statute (nearly identical with ours), which provides that the testimony of a witness out of the state may be taken by deposition in an action at any time after service of summons or the appearance of the defendant, and in a special proceeding at any time after a question of fact has arisen therein, the deposition of a witness may be taken in a disbarment proceeding, and that a disbarment proceeding must be classified as a special proceeding. And see also the following cases: Matter of Mathot, 222 N. Y. 948 [ 117 N. E. 948 ]; In re Spencer, 137 App. Div. 330 [ 122 N. Y. Supp. 190 ]; State v. Mosher, 128 Iowa, 82 [5 Ann. Cas. 984, 103 N. W. 106 ]; In re Burnette, 73 Kan. 609 [ 85 Pac. 575 ]; In re Morrison, 43 S. D. 185 [ 178 N. W. 732 ], Relying upon the foregoing authorities, this court is of the opinion that a disbarment proceeding is a special proceeding within the provisions of our statute, and that the depositions of witnesses may be taken therein on the part of the prosecution.

It is insisted that the judgment is not in accordance with the evidence; but it is the rule that where the evidence is sufficient, even though there be a conflict therein, the appellate court will not interfere with the judgment. That is a matter which is exclusively within the province of the trial court. (Disbarment of Cruickshank, 47 Cal. App. 496 [ 190 Pac. 1038 ]; Matter of Danford, 157 Cal. 429 [108 Pac. 322]; In re Morton, 179 Cal. 513 [ 177 Pac. 453 ].) From an examination of the record herein this court is convinced that the evidence adduced, though conflicting, was sufficient to support the judgment.

No prejudicial error appearing, the judgment is affirmed.