The action is for alleged seduction, accomplished by promise of marriage and other inducements. The cause was tried to a jury, and plaintiff had the verdict. Defendant appeals from the judgment on the judgment-roll and statement of the case. There is an appeal by the plaintiff from the order granting a new trial, L. A. No. 1120, which, having been affirmed November 6, 1903, makes it unnecessary to notice the numerous alleged errors of law occurring at the trial, specified in the motion for a new trial.

Defendant interposed a demurrer to the amended complaint which was overruled, and he now insists that it should have been sustained. Counsel for respondent have filed no brief in support of their pleading. The grounds of-the demurrer are: 1. Insufficiency of facts alleged; 2. Misjoinder of a cause of action for failure to carry out a promise to marry; and 3. Ambiguity and uncertainty, in that it is not possible to ascertain from the complaint whether the cause of action is based on the alleged seduction or upon the alleged contract to marry referred to, or because of the alleged suffering of plaintiff in consequence of the illness mentioned in the complaint as attending her pregnancy.

In support of the general demurrer it is contended that it is an essential element of a cause of action of this character that the plaintiff was chaste at the time of the alleged seduction, and that without an allegation to that effect there is no cause of action stated (citing Marshall v. Taylor, 98 Cal. 55 ; People v. Krusick, 93 Cal. 79 ; People v. Wallace, 109 Cal. 613 ). It is further urged that the complaint is fatally defective, because there is no averment of plaintiff’s willingness to marry the defendant or the refusal of defendant to marry plaintiff. The complaint contains the following allegations: “That at the time of the commission of the grievances hereinafter mentioned, plaintiff was a minor under the age of eighteen years, and was and still is an unmarried female; and at all the times prior thereto had been chaste and virtuous.” It is contended that the complaint alleges a series of grievances, and that the allegation only alleges chastity prior to this series, which it is said is not equivalent to an allegation that plaintiff was chaste at the time of the alleged seduction. The complaint alleges that about May 30, 1898, defendant, by false pretenses of his love for plaintiff, and by promises to marry her, and by urgent and persistent importunities, induced her to have sexual intercourse with him; “that she was young and was without experience in what he asked her to do, as above stated, and she greatly loved the defendant, and by reason of such love he had great influence over her, and she fully believed that he would soon marry her as he had promised to do, and that he loved her as he had so represented to her, and she alleges that she had no information, knowledge, or belief to the con trary, and that trusting and relying solely upon his said promise to marry her, and in the love and affection he professed for her, and influenced by his urgent importunity, she, with great reluctance, consented to and did then and there have sexual intercourse with the said defendant.” It is then alleged: “That the said defendant on divers days and times thereafter, up to and including on or about the fifth day of September, 1899, upon the representations and pretenses hereinbefore set out, on his part, and which representations and pretenses and promise of marriage plaintiff relied upon and believed, did debauch and carnally know plaintiff; and particularly on or about the fifth day of September, 1899, upon the pretenses and representations aforesaid made and repeated to plaintiff, upon which plaintiff solely relied and believed, and while plaintiff was still a minor and under the age of eighteen years, to wit, of the age of seventeen years and nine months, did said defendant debauch and carnally know plaintiff, whereby plaintiff became sick and pregnant with child,” etc. Then follow allegations of the falsity “of each and every representation made by the defendant,” and that defendant knowing the same to be false, made the same to deceive plaintiff and take advantage of her love and affection for him and induce her to have sexual intercourse with him; “that in consequence of the seduction of plaintiff by the defendant as aforesaid, plaintiff has suffered greatly in her health,” etc., “to her damage,” etc. It is clear from the complaint that°the alleged seduction occurred in May, 1898, and while it may be true that on the face of the complaint it appears that plaintiff could not have been chaste when she subsequently yielded to defendant’s importunities, still there is an allegation “that at the time of the' commission of the grievances hereinafter mentioned, plaintiff . . . was . . . and at all the times prior thereto had been chaste and virtuous,” and this certainly included the time of the actual seduction, and we think was sufficiently definite.

There is no allegation of plaintiff’s ability and willingness to marry defendant. It is conceded by appellant that in a criminal prosecution for seduction a promise to marry made in good faith which was not fulfilled is no defense (People v. Samonset, 97 Cal. 448 ), and it is also conceded that in a criminal prosecution seduction is not excused by the willingness of the seducer to marry his victim and her unwillingness to such union, but it is urged that in a civil action for seduction the same reasoning does not apply. It is urged that because in an action for breach of promise to marry an allegation of willingness on the part of plaintiff to marry the defendant is essential (Hook v. George, 108 Mass. 324 ; Graham v. Martin, 64 Ind. 567 ), so must it be in an action for seduction. Appellant cites no authority in support of this contention, and we do not think it can be the law. There might possibly exist some reason in the position where the promise of marriage was the sole inducement, and the plaintiff was of age, although even in that ease we should doubt it, but where other artifices are resorted to, and promise of marriage is but one of the means used by defendant to accomplish his purpose, it would certainly not be so. As well might it be said that defendant in fact cherished genuine love and affection for his victim when he so represented his feeling to her, and hence that would excuse him, and so of any other of the inducements which brought about her ruin. In a seduction case it may sometimes happen that the victim of the seducer’s passions may awake to a realization of his unworthiness upon finding herself pregnant, and that her former love, which he had played upon, would suddenly turn to hate. Must she still avow willingness to marry the author of her disgrace and ruin, or be foreclosed the scant recompense the law affords by civil action í We think not. She may be a minor, as .in this case, and incapable of contracting marriage. Society may be interested in the criminal aspect of a seducer’s conduct, and hence the reason as appellant suggests for the rule in criminal cases. But so also is society interested in protecting an innocent woman from forced marriage with her betrayer. As in a criminal case for seduction, so in a civil action, the law will not impose terms so repugnant to good moral» and so obviously unjust to the innocent victim.

There is no merit in the claim that there is a misjoinder of actions. The promise of marriage is set out as one of the inducements for the seduction, and not otherwise, and the prayer for damages is solely for the alleged seduction. Nor do we think there is any ambiguity in this regard. Clearly the action is based solely upon the alleged seduction, and in no sense on a contract to marry. We think the demurrer was rightly overruled. The judgment, so far as this appeal is concerned, should he affirmed.

Gray, C., and Haynes, C., concurred.

For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion the judgment is affirmed, hut this affirmance does not affect the order granting a new trial, which has been affirmed, and which vacates the judgment.

McFarland, J., Lorigan, J., Henshaw, J.

35 Am. St. Rep. 144 .