From a judgment awarding plaintiff a peremptory writ of mandate against defendant, as superintendent of schools of Madera County, requiring her to draw a requisition in favor of plaintiff for a balance due him for salary as school-teacher, under a contract with the school trustees of Madera school district, the defendant appeals.

The school trustees had drawn their warrant in his favor for this balance, but defendant refused to issue a requisition upon it, and urges on this appeal, against the judgment,—1. That plaintiff is not entitled to invoke a writ of mandate, as he has a plain, speedy and adequate remedy at law by appeal to the state superintendent of public instruction from her refusal; 2. That the contract to teach entered into between, plaintiff and the trustees was invalid; and 3. That the warrant of the trustees was not drawn in compliance with the school law, and was, therefore, void.

The first contention is based on section 1699 of the Political ' Code, which reads as follows: “Any teacher whose salary is. withheld may appeal to the superintendent of public instruction, who shall thereupon require the superintendent of schools to investigate the matter and present the facts thereof to him. The judgment of the superintendent of public instruction shall be final; and upon receiving it, the superintendent of schools, if the judgment is in favor of the teacher,, shall, in case the trustees refuse to issue an order for said withheld salary, issue his requisition in favor of said teacher.”

If this section of the code could be considered as obligatory rather than permissive, still we cannot see that it has any application to the present case.

It must be considered and construed in its entirety, and the main inquiry is, When, and by whom, is the “salary withheld,” so that the appeal of the teacher may be taken to the superintendent of public instruction?

We think the section itself furnishes the answer, and that, when it speaks of a “withheld salary” it means a withholding, by the boa/rd of school trustees, of the original warrant, in favor of the teacher.

An analysis of the section we believe will make this apparent. The first portion of it provides, simply, that any teacher whose salary is withheld may appeal to the superintendent of public instruction. There is, in this portion of the section, no definition of a “withheld salary.” It simply confers the right of appeal.

The next portion provides for an investigation and presentation of facts to him by the county superintendent. This, deals solely with the presentation and submission of the evidence.

It is next provided that the superintendent of public instruction shall (on the facts) pronounce a final judgment, of which he advises the county superintendent, and the section, then declares that, “upon receiving it [the final judgment] the superintendent of schools, if the judgment is in favor of the teacher, shall in case the trustees refuse to issue an order for said withheld salary issue his requisition in favor of said teacher.”

This last portion of the section clearly informs us that • “said withheld salary” results from, and consists of, the refusal of the trustees to issue their warrant in the teacher’s favor. It is only on such a withholding that the judgment can operate by the terms of the section, and certainly what constitutes the “withholding” mentioned in the opening clause of the section from which the teacher is given the right of appeal, must be determined by the relief upon final judgement to which he would be entitled. As the judgment by its terms is limited in its operation exclusively to a case “where the trustees refuse to issue an order for said withheld salary,” the right of appeal must also necessarily be limited to a case where- the salary is withheld by the trustees.

A fair construction of the statute seems to require a notice of the final judgment to be given to the trustees so that they may act in conformity with it, and issue their warrant, because a “refusal” presupposes a “demand,” and it is only on a refusal by the trustees that the county superintendent can act.

If the trustees obey the judgment and issue the warrant, the requisition of the superintendent is then drawn on the warrant they issue, not on account of the final judgment; i" they refuse, the requisition is then drawn by the superintendent by virtue of the final judgment without the warrant, but in either event the final judgment operates upon the salary withheld by the trustees, either to secure it to the teacher by the voluntary action of the trustees in harmony with the judgment, or by the requisition of the superintendent of schools on their refusal to comply with it.

If this is not the proper construction, then the teacher may appeal in all cases, no matter by whom his salary is withheld. It would be then necessary to appeal, not only when the trustees refuse to issue their order, but also when the superintendent of schools refuses his requisition on it, or the county auditor his warrant on such requisition, or when the treasurer refuses payment on the auditor’s warrant, because all these steps have to be taken by the teacher before he can obtain ultimate payment. If he was required to appeal from the superintendent’s refusal, we would have this peculiar condition,—that under the section the superintendent would have to investigate the matter of his own refusal, present facts in a matter he had already prejudged, and he expected to do it impartially. His investigation and presentation of facts might be warped or colored in harmony with his judgment of refusal, and would hardly be the best or fairest evidence upon which the state superintendent should pronounce a final judgment.

We hardly think the legislature contemplated any such thing. On the other hand, as an intermediary between the teacher and trustees, he would be disinterested and free from bias.

Aside from this, if the auditor on the county superintendent’s requisition refuses to issue a warrant on the treasurer, or the treasurer refuses to pay it, if issued by the auditor, the salary of the teacher is withheld as effectually as it would he by the refusal of the superintendent to issue a requisition on the warrant of the trustees, and the section, if it is to apply, broadly, to all eases where the salary of any teacher is withheld, must apply in these cases.

And to so construe the section would be to place the teacher in the position of appealing to an officer who might render final judgment against him without the slightest benefit to accrue to him if the judgment should be in his favor, because, it goes without saying, that there is no provision of law whereby either the auditor or treasurer is required to pay any attention to the final judgment of the superintendent of public instruction. While we think the section plain as to when and by whom the teacher’s salary is withheld so as to afford the right of appeal to the teacher, and that it applies solely to a withholding by the school trustees, we have discussed the matter at this length on account of the persistence with which defendant insists that it applies in the present case .and to any withholding.

The plaintiff insists -that the section, so ■ far as discussed, Is unconstitutional, as it attempts to vest the superintendent of public instruction with judicial power. We do not pass upon that point, because under the construction we place apon the statute it is not involved.

Nor do we consider that there is anything in the second point urged by defendant, which is, that the written contract to teach entered into between the plaintiff and the trustees was invalid. The contract of plaintiff with the trustees was. to teach one year from July 5, 1899, at a salary of one thousand dollars, payment to be made by drawing requisitions upon the county superintendent of schools. Defendant contends that the word “year” in the contract means a calendar year and renders the contract void, because the trustees are expressly forbidden to contract for a period beyond June 30th next ensuing, and that the contract in question extends, beyond that period. But the term “year” does not necessarily mean a calendar year. We are to gather its meaning-from the subject-matter of the contract, and the connection in which the term is used. (Brown v. Anderson, 77 Cal. 236 .) The contract was with reference to school-teaching, and, in the absence of anything to the contrary, it must be construed as if the provision of the law limiting the time for which the contract could be made was inserted in it, and that the term “year” meant a school year (Pol. Code, sec. 1878), which begins the first day of July and ends on the last day of June.

The last point made is that the warrant of the trustees was; not drawn in compliance with the law, in this, that it did not state the monthly salary of the teacher and name the months for which said salary was due.

Before discussing this point it will be necessary to state a few facts. Plaintiff’s contract, as heretofore stated, provided that he should teach a year for one thousand dollars,, payable by requisitions upon the superintendent. It made no provision for monthly payments, and the law does not require that it should, or that payments should be made monthly. (Pol. Code, sec. 1617.) When he commenced teaching the trustees assumed that school would be kept open nine months, and on that assumption drew each month in favor of plaintiff for one ninth of his salary. These warrants were all honored by defendant, and requisitions drawn upon the auditor. As a fact, the school was conducted only eight months; hence this one-ninth balance. If the trustees had not made this error in their calculation this litigation would not have arisen, as plaintiff’s gross salary would have been paid in one-eighth monthly installments.

The plaintiff, however, cannot be held responsible for the miscalculation of the trustees. His contract was valid, and his full salary earned, whether the school was maintained eight or nine months. He had a right to assume that the trustees knew how long school would be maintained, and that they were acting advisedly in drawing his monthly salary on a basis of nine months of school, and their error cannot prevent him from obtaining payment. Neither is he responsible because the warrant fails to comply with some of the requirements of the statute. He could not dictate the form of the warrant to be drawn. That was a matter solely for the trustees.

Nor, under the circumstances of this ease, do we think these objections to the form of the warrant have merit. This was a secondary consideration in defendant’s refusal, and cannot now be availed of as the primary objection. Defendant’s main contention, on the trial of the case, was that the contract of plaintiff with the trustees was invalid. As far as the want of formalities in the warrant is concerned, they could readily have been corrected, if suggested when it was presented, and might have been a valid excuse for refusing to accept or file the warrant. She, however, did accept and file it at the time it was presented. Nor do we consider that it was in this particular case necessary to specify any month in the warrant. It was not issued as payment for any month, but as a “balance on yearly contract during the present school year in Madera school district.” "When it was presented, defendant had on file in her office two reports under oath from plaintiff as teacher, showing that he taught, and school was conducted for a school year from September 11, 1899, to May 4, 1900, and one of these reports stated his salary to be one thousand dollars per year. She also had eight warrants, on file, drawn in form identical with the one in question, except, when ■ actually teaching, the month was inserted. She-knew too, of the contract between plaintiff and the trustees— at least, its date—for she indorsed the warrant when she filed it as “being balance due on yearly contract with Madera school district, signed July 5, 1899.” Under these circumstances we do not think it consonant with justice that the defendant should be allowed to stand strictly on the provi sions of section 1543 of the Political Code, or that they should be considered as mandatory to defeat plaintiff’s claim. Upon this subject, generally, and particularly with reference to the alleged omission of formalities in the warrant drawn by the trustees, over which plaintiff had no control, it is said that, “When a public duty is imposed, and the statute requires that it shall be performed in a certain manner, or within a certain time, or under other specific conditions, such prescriptions may well be regarded as intended to be directory only when injustice or inconvenience to others, who have no control over exercising the duty, would result, if such requirements were' essential and imperative.” (Endlich on Interpretation of Statutes, see. 433.) And, as under section 1699 of the Political Code, the superintendent of public instruction can order the county superintendent of schools to draw a requisition on his final judgment, without any warrant from the trustees, we do not see why this section should be held mandatory to prevent an issuance of a requisition on such a warrant, whose defect is, at most, simply formal.

The plaintiff has been' deprived of this balance of his salary (small in amount) for nearly four years, and we are not constrained to consider with particular complacency formal and technical objections which further retard its payment.

We are of the opinion that the judgment appealed from should be affirmed, and it is so ordered.

Angellotti, J., McFarland, J., Shaw, J., and Henshaw, J., concurred.

A rehearing was denied April 27, 1903. Beatty, C. J., delivered the following dissenting opinion:—