This action is to quiet title to the northeast quarter of section 20, township 19 south, range 15 east,. Mount Diablo base and meridian, in the county of Fresno,, state of California. All parties claim by virtue of locations-made under the mineral laws of the United States.

It is admitted that in the year 1895 the land in controversy was a part of the public domain of the United States, and open to exploration under its mineral laws. Upon the fourteenth day of June, 1895, one A. Barieau, on behalf of himself and seven others, as associates, went upon the land and posted a location notice. Nothing further was done until the month of January following, when Barieau entered upon the land with a surveyor and marked the boundaries of the location upon the ground. Upon the twenty-fourth day of December, 1896, the interests of Barieau’s seven associates passed to E. 0. Miller, plaintiff herein, by mesne conveyance. Thereafter, on the 31st of December, 1896, Miller executed a purported abandonment and relinquishment of his right, title, and interest to the land in controversy to the United States, and on the same day made a location on behalf of himself and seven associates. Upon January 1,1897, the defendants Chris-man made their location; while upon the twenty-second day of December, 1898, more than two months after the commencement of this action, and in the night-time, the intervener, with H. T. Chrisman, entered upon the land and made still another location covering a part of it. After trial the court found in favor of .plaintiff's locátion, against the locations of defendants and the intervener, and judgment passed accordingly.

Defendants and intervener make common cause upon most of the matters presented upon appeal. Their contentions are:— quent discovery until the rights of others parties attached; because the location was in fact made only by Miller, Hall, and Hannah, the other five co-locators being mere dummies; and, finally, because the boundaries of the location were not marked upon the ground so that they could be readily traced.

3. That no assessment-work whatsoever having been done upon the land in question during the year 1896, by or on behalf of Barieau and his co-locators, the Barieau location lapsed, and on the first day of January, 1897, the land again became open for exploration and location, and was so open at the time that defendants made their locations upon January 1, 1897; that their locations were, and at all times have been, valid subsisting locations.

It will thus be noted that none of the appellants claims under the Barieau location, nor contends that he has acquired any of the rights of those locators. It is agreed that if the Barieau location was in all other respects a valid location, it lapsed at the end of the year 1896, by failure to perform the statutory amount of labor. If, however, the Barieau location was an invalid location, as the court finds, then the lands were open to notorious, peaceable, and Iona fide entry by others for the purpose of initiating a new location. The findings of the court, as has been said, were against the validity of the Barieau location. We are satisfied that it was invalid for at least one reason. Barieau and his co-locators did not at the time of their attempted location, nor ever, make any discovery of mineral upon the land.

In considering this proposition, it should be said that the mineral upon these lands is oil. Under the act of Congress of 1897, the location of oil claims is governed by the mineral laws of the United States applicable to the location of placer-mining claims. The two requirements admittedly essential to the validity of a location such as this are, that the location must be distinctly marked upon the ground so that the boundaries can be readily traced, and that there must be a discovery of minerals within the limits of the land located. (U. S. Rev. Stats., sec. 2324; U. S. Comp. Stats. 1901, p. 1426.) Upon the question of discovery the sole evidence is that of Barieau himself. Giving fullest weight to that testimony, it amounts to no more than this, that Barieau had walked over the land at the time he posted his notice and had discovered “indications” of petroleum. Specifically, he says that he saw a spring, and “the oil comes out and floats over the water in the summer-time when it is hot. In June, 1895, there was a little water with oil and a little oil with the water coming out. It was dripping, over a rock about two feet high. There was no pool; it was just dripping a little water and oil, not much water.” This is all of the “discovery” which it is even pretended was made under the Barieau location, and we think it clear that such testimony does not establish a discovery within the meaning of the law. To constitute a discovery, the law requires something more than conjecture, hope, or even indications. The geological formation of the country may be such as scientific research and practical experience have shown to be likely to yield oil in paying quantities. Taken with this, there may be other surface indications, such as seepage of oil. All these things combined may be sufficient to justify the expectation and hope that, upon driving a well to sufficient depth, oil may be discovered, but one and all they do not in and of themselves amount to a discovery. This view finds' support in the Nevada Sierra Oil Co. v. Home Oil Co., 98 Fed. 673 , where the circuit court was dealing with this precise question, in regard to this precise piece of land, under these identical circumstances. While perhaps it would be stating it too broadly to say that no case can be imagined where a surface discovery may be made of oil sufficient to fill the requirements of the statute, yet it is certainly true that no such case has ever been presented to our attention, and that in the nature of things such a case will seldom, if ever, occur. Nor does the view which we entertain of the essentials of a valid disecovery as applied to oil-bearing lands present any points of hardship, but, to the contrary, we think it to be not alone the only rational one which may be taken under the law, but also the only interpretation which offers security and protection to the tona fide locator. It is to be remembered that it is not essential to-the validity of a location that the discovery shall have preceded or shall coexist with the posting of the notice and the demarcation of boundaries. The discovery may be made subsequently, and when made operates to perfect the location against all the world, saving those whose bona fide rights have intervened. One who thus in good faith makes his location, remains in possession, and with due diligence prosecutes his work toward a discovery, is fully protected against all forms of forcible, fraudulent, surreptitious, or clandestine entries and intrusions upon his possession. Such entry must always be peaceable, open and above board, and made in good faith, or no right can be founded upon it. (Belk v. Meagher, 104 U. S. 279 ; Atherton v. Fowler, 96 U. S. 513 ; Nevada Sierra Oil Co. v. Home Oil Co., 98 Fed. 673 .)

It was just such a peaceable, open entry upon the land that Miller and his associates made upon December 31, 1896. No discovery had been made under the Barieau location. No work at all had been done to protect it, and in consequence it could not be said that Barieau and his associates were in the actual bona fide possession of their claim and developing it under the requirements of the statute. This being the case, it was the right of any person or association of persons to enter peaceably and openly, as was done by Miller and his associates.

It thus having been determined that the initiation of the claim of Miller and his associates was founded in right, there remains to be considered the objections urged against the validity of that location. And, first, it is insisted that the location is invalid because -Miller, prior to his location, but upon the same day, executed an abandonment to the government of all rights under the Barieau location, and it is contended that this invalidated the location subsequently made, because such pretended abandonment was not made in good faith, but was designed as a fraud upon the United States, to evade the performance of the assessment-work required by law. But the answer to this is, that the court upon sufficient, evidence finds against this contention, and furthermore, as the Barieau location was itself invalid, there was no occasion for an abandonment of it, because there was nothing to abandon. As to other objections made to the validity of the Miller location, it is sufficient to say, without discussing the' evidence, that the court was justified in its finding that the requirements of the posting of a sufficient notice and de marcation of boundaries were all complied with in accordance with law.- So, too, the evidence warrants the findings of the court that the persons named as co-locators in the Miller location were tona fide locators, and that the location was made for the benefit of them all. Likewise, upon sufficient evidence, the court’s finding negatives the charge of fraud, collusion, and conspiracy upon the part of these locators.

It is disclosed by the evidence that Miller, his associates and lessees, remained in possession of the land, and with diligence and at great expense prosecuted the work of boring wells. This work finally resulted in success; oil was discovered in paying quantities, and the land became extremely valuable. Plaintiffs thus not only made a discovery, but they are the only ones of all the alleged locators who have done so. It has been said that it is not necessary that discovery should precede nor coexist with the posting of notice and the marking of the claim, but that a discovery subsequently made perfects the title, except so far as the rights of others may have intervened. This proposition is perhaps too well recognized to require citation of authorities, but reference may be made to 1 Lindley on Mines and Mining, sec. 330; Jupiter Min. Co. v. Bodie Con. Min. Co., 11 Fed. 666 ; North Noonday Min. Co. v. Orient Min. Co., 1 Fed. 522 ; Thompson v. Spray, 72 Cal. 528 ; Erwin v. Perego, 93 Fed. 608 ; Erhardt v. Boaro, 113 U. S. 527 ; English v. Johnson, 17 Cal. 108 . The alleged discovery of defendants under their location may be disposed of in a sentence. It amounted to no more than the pretended discovery made by Barieau. It results, therefore, that between the date of the Miller location and the date of the Miller discovery no rights had intervened, and the possessory title of the holders under the Miller location was justly quieted against the adverse claimants.

It is against this, however, still further contended that, notwithstanding the fact that the location on behalf of Miller and his associates embraced one hundred and sixty acres in common, and notwithstanding the fact that they had driven successful wells upon the different parts of the land, yet, as at the time of the institution of the suit they had not actually driven a well and discovered oil upon those portions of the quarter-section claimed by the defendants, plaintiffs’ claim of title is void as to each of those twenty acres upon which actual discovery has not been made. But a location made by an association of persons, by the very terms of the law, is one location covering one hundred and sixty acres, and not eight locations, each covering twenty acres. The boundaries required to be marked are the boundaries of the one hundred and sixty acres, and not the boundaries of each separate twenty acres. The expenditure of five hundred dollars before patent issues is an expenditure required upon the whole land, and not an expenditure upon the twenty-acre subdivisions thereof, and the only assessment-work required is labor to the value of one hundred dollars upon the single location, and not upon any twenty-acre subdivision thereof. Logically, therefore, since in marking boundaries, doing assessment-work, and expenditure for patent the one hundred and sixty acres are treated as an entirety under one location, for the purpose of discovery it should be treated in the same manner, and this is the ruling, with some conflict in its earlier decisions, which the land office of the United States has finally returned to and settled upon. In the case of Union Oil Co., 25 L. D. 351, it is explicitly declared: “A placer location, if made by an association of persons, may include as much as one hundred and sixty acres. It is nevertheless a single location, and as such only a single discovery is by the statute required to support it.” With this declaration we are in full accord.

The claim of intervener scarcely merits even a passing notice. The record shows that his alleged location was made upon the twenty-second day of December, 1898, after the institution of this action, and long after the plaintiffs had sunk their wells and discovered oil. The intervener knew that at the time of his alleged discovery the Home Oil Company was in the occupancy of the territory. He entered upon the land and located his claim between the hours of 9 and 11 o’clock at night. He adopted for his boundaries the existing boundaries, and his discovery consisted in observing the oil which was coming from plaintiffs’ well. Such a fraudulent, surreptitious, and clandestine entry upon the possession of another cannot be made the basis of any right. {Atherton v. Fowler, 96 U. S. 513 .)

It appears that Miller, his co-locators, and other successors, in interest remained in the actual and undisturbed possession of the entire property from the date of their location until the-commencement of this action. It appears. further that upon the thirty-first day of July, 1897, and before any discovery of oil had -been made, Miller’s associates and co-locators-executed to him a deed of all their right, title, and interest in the property. Subsequently, and upon the seventeenth day of September, 1897, Miller executed.a lease of the premises,, which lease was transferred to the plaintiff Home Oil Company. The Home Oil Company thereupon took possession of the premises, bored for, and in the month of October, 1897,. struck oil and made the first discovery upon the land in question. Upon this state of facts intervener contends that the location was invalid; that the effect of the conveyance-of his co-locators to Miller before discovery operated as an abandonment by them of their location, and destroyed the-validity of the whole location; that the validity of the location thus having been destroyed, the subsequent discovery of oil did not, and could not, serve to validate it, and at the most could have given Miller, as the sole remaining member of the association, the right to relocate twenty acres about his-discovery.

Stating the proposition in a sentence it is this: Where a location has been made by associates, those associates have no-right or title which they can convey before the location is; perfected by discovery, and their attempt to convey results in an abandonment of their claim, and in the destruction of the whole location. It sufficiently appears from what has; heretofore been said that a location such as this, made by eight associates, is but a single location, each associate having an undivided eighth interest in the whole. It further appears: that certain valuable rights become the property of such locators even before discovery. They have the right of possession against all intruders (Garthe v. Hart, 73 Cal. 541 ),. and they may defend this possession in the courts. (Richardson v. McNulty, 24 Cal. 339 .) They have then this right of possession and with it the right to protect their possession against all illegal intrusions, and to work the lánd for the valuable minerals it is thought to contain. We cannot perceive* why these rights may not in good faith be made the subject of conveyance by the associates as well before as after discovery. There is certainly nothing in the expressed law upon the subject to lead to the view that this cannot be done, and there is much to give countenance to the contrary conviction. Thus the law expressly provides that if one of the co-locators abandons his claim or interest, by refusing to bear his proportion of the cost of the assessment-work, such abandonment does not, as would be claimed, work the destruction of the whole location, but “his interest in the claim shall become the property of his co-owners who have made the required expenditures.” (U. S. Rev. Stats., sec. 2324; U. S. Comp. Stats. 1901, p. 1426.) It is to be borne in mind that a location such as this, though it contains one hundred and sixty acres, is still a single location, a single claim, with undivided interests, covering the whole of it. Any work done upon the claim is done for the benefit of all the co-íocators. It is undisputed that when the location has once been perfected one of the associates may by conveyance acquire all of the rights of his fellows, and we can perceive no reason why the right to prosecute the work and perfect such a location by discovery may not itself be vested in a single one of them. If, instead of conveying, the seven associates had stood idle and refused to contribute their share to the necessary work of developing, and Miller under these circumstances had alone prosecuted the work to a successful discovery, no one could contend in the face of section 2324 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, but that Miller would have acquired the rights of all, and would have had a perfected location covering the whole one hundred and sixty acres. If, then, by their abandonment, without a conveyance, Miller would have acquired the right to prosecute the work and perfect the whole location for himself individually, it is impossible to see why a conveyance to him of their right, instead of an abandonment of it by a refusal to join in the work, should effectuate any different result.

For the foregoing reasons the judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.

McFarland, J., Van Dyke, J., Angellotti, J., and Lorigan, J., concurred.

Rehearing denied October 31, 1903. Beatty, C. J.. delivered the following ‘dissenting opinion:—

76 Am. Dec. 574 .