This is an appeal by plaintiff from a judgment entered in favor of defendant pursuant to an order sustaining its demurrer to the complaint.

The action was brought to recover a license fee or tax upon defendant’s business as a telephone company. In May, 1903, the board of supervisors of the city and county of San Francisco enacted an ordinance providing, in section 1, that “every person, firm or corporation engaged in the business of supplying telephone service to or for the inhabitants of this city and county shall pay a license as follows:

The question for decision is whether the respondent was exempted from liability for the license charge by the provisions of section 14 of article XIII of the constitution of this state. The section in question was proposed to the electors by legislative resolution adopted March 19, 1909 (Stats. 1909, p. 1332), and was ratified at the election of November 8, 1910. Its terms, so far as they are material to the present discussion, are as follows:

The appellant’s contention, briefly stated, is that the constitutional. provision relieves the companies named from no burden except that of taxes upon the property theretofore enumerated, and that the charge imposed by the ordinance is a business or occupation tax, and not a tax upon property at all, and therefore not covered by the so-called exemption. The respondent, on the other hand, claims that under a fair reading of the constitutional amendment, the liability of a telephone company to pay a percentage of its gross receipts was designed to exclude the power of the state, or of any county or municipality, to exact from it any further revenue (except as stated in the proviso above quoted) whether by way of a direct tax upon its property or in the guise of a license fee upon its business.

The constitutional amendment worked a radical change in the system of taxation in this state. Broadly speaking, the purpose of the. change, as is well known, was to divide the subjects of state and local taxation by imposing upon persons and corporations engaged in certain callings—those of public service corporations, insurance companies, banks and trust companies—the obligation to pay certain taxes to be applied exclusively to state purposes. At the same time, the persons engaged and the property employed in these callings were, to a greater or less degree, to be free from the burden of local taxation. The title of the resolution proposing the amendment to the electors defined such amendment as one “providing for the separation of state and local taxation, providing for the taxation of public service and other corporations . . .” The preamble of the resolution recited that “it is deemed desirable to separate the sources of revenue for state purposes from the sources of revenue for county and municipal purposes.” In order to carry out this avowed purpose, the amendment was so framed as to impose upon the various persons and corporations described in it taxes measured by given percentages of gross receipts, in the case of railroads, car companies, express, telephone and telegraph companies, gas' and electric companies; of gross premiums, in the case of insurance companies; of the value of shares of stock, in the case of "banks. In each instance the taxes so imposed were declared to be in lieu of all other taxes and licenses, state, county, and municipal, upon the property of the corporation in question, subject to certain exceptions, varying in the eases of the different callings. The amendment also provided that taxes on franchises of all kinds should be exclusively for the benefit of the state.

Under the old system, the property and franchises of the corporations above referred to were taxed for both state and local purposes. The amendment creates a new mode of taxing such property and franchises, and appropriates the revenue so raised to state purposes solely. The new method, by which taxes are collected exclusively for the state, is substituted for the former system, under which the same subjects were taxed for both state and local purposes. The percentages enumerated in the amendment are declared to be “in lieu of all other taxes,” etc., and such percentages were, doubtless, fixed at higher rates than would have been adopted in the absence of a restriction on other taxation. These considerations are of weight in determining the rule of interpretation by which the provision regarding freedom from other taxation is to be read. The appellant, relying upon the well-settled rule that exemptions from taxation are to be strictly construed (2 Lewis’s Sutherland Statutory Constitution, sec. 539), argues that every doubt concerning the meaning of the provision in question must be resolved against the defendant. But we think the amendment does not grant any exemption, within the meaning of this rule. As we have pointed out, it provides a specific mode of taxation, in substitution of certain other modes. In Merrill Ry. & Lighting Co. v. City of Merrill, 119 Wis. 249 , [ 96 N. W. 686 ], the court, after recognizing the doctrine of strict construction of exemptions, goes on to say: “On the other hand, it is equally well settled that, where the statute in terms exempting property from general taxation is only a part of a general statutory scheme imposing a license or other impost in lieu of general taxation, the rule of strict construction has no application, but on the contrary, such a statute is to be construed liberally in favor of the person required to pay taxes in the substituted license form.” To the same effect are the cases of Milwaukee etc. Ry. Co. v. Board of Supervisors, 29 Wis. 116; Milwaukee etc. Ry. Co. v. Milwaukee, 34 Wis. 271 ; Milwaukee E. R. & L. Co. v. Milwaukee, 95 Wis. 42 , [ 60 Am. St. Rep. 81 , 3 L. R. A. 45, 69 N. W. 794 ], and Duluth, etc. Ry. Co. v. Douglas County, 103 Wis. 75, 88 , [ 79 N. W. 34 ], (See, also, Osborn v. New York & N. H. R. Co., 40 Conn. 491 ; Neary v. Philadelphia etc. Ry. Co., 7 Houst. (Del.) 419, 9 Atl. 405, 414, 415 ; Jersey City G. Co. v. Jersey City, 46 N. J. L. 195, 196; Black on Interpretation of Laws, see. 143.) The foregoing quotation states the. rule of construction in • somewhat broader terms than we find it necessary to adopt here. Whether, in a case like the' one before us, the construction should be liberal, in favor of the‘taxpayer, is questionable. But certainly the authorities, and good reasons as well, support the view that in such cases the meaning of the statutory or constitutional provision is to be ascertained by a fair consideration of all its terms, without any definite leaning to the side of the taxing power.

Giving, then, a fair and reasonable interpretation to the constitutional provision, we think the charge imposed by the ordinance of the city and county was within the class of taxes and licenses from the imposition of which the respondent was relieved by the amendment. It is true that a license-tax upon an occupation or business is not a tax upon property, even though, by constitutional or statutory definition, franchises are included in the meaning of the word “property.” This is clearly decided in City of Los Angeles v. Los Angeles Independent Gas Co., 152 Cal. 765 , [ 93 Pac. 1006 ], If the amendment did no more than to declare that the percentage required to be paid by telephone companies should be in lieu of all other taxes upon - the property of such .companies, it •would seem to be a necessary conclusion that the power to impose an occupation tax was not excluded. But there are other words in the provision, and all of the language must, under familiar principles of construction, be considered and. given its fair meaning and effect. The percentage imposed is declared to be in lieu, not merely of other taxes, but “of all other taxes and licenses . . . upon the property.” The word “license,” properly speaking, means a grant of pérmission or authority to do a particular thing or carry on a particular business. (City of Sonora v. Curlin, 137 Cal. 583 , [70 Pac. 674]; Words and Phrases, p. 4137.) In the clause under discussion, the term is evidently used to designate the fee or charge imposed upon the exercise of the right. While such fee or charge is often spoken of as a tax, it is not in any sense a tax upon property. (See City of Los Angeles v. Los Angeles Independent Gas Co., 152 Cal. 765 , [93.Pac. 1006].) In order to construe the clause as relieving from taxes or charges upon property alone, we should, therefore, be required to deny meaning and significance to the_ word “licenses.” The right of the telephone company to carry on the business of supplying telephone service is a franchise. Franchises are included in the enumeration -of classes of property which, by the terms of the amendment, are to be taxed for state purposes only. To the extent that the constitutional amendment imposes a charge upon franchises of telephone companies, such charge does not differ in substance from the license fee exacted by the ordinance. Each enactment requires the payment of an amount, measured by gross receipts and not by any assessment of value, for the exercise of the franchise. The difference is in reality one of form, the constitution treating the tax as one upon property, while the ordinance designates it as a license. But, by the constitution, local licenses are excluded as well as local taxes. Every word in the clause under discussion can be given a reasonable and legitimate effect by reading the term “licenses” as including revenue charges of any character upon the exercise of the franchises which are declared to be taxable for state purposes only. In this way, the phrase “upon the property above enumerated” is made fully effective as qualifying both “taxes” and “licenses” preceding it, while no word is either ignored or distorted from its fair meaning.

This interpretation is fortified by the proviso which is a part of the clause under discussion. The amendment, after declaring that the taxes imposed on the companies shall be in lieu of all other taxes and licenses, etc., goes on as follows: “provided, that nothing herein shall be construed to release any such company from the payment of any amount agreed to be paid or required by law to be paid for any special privilege or franchise granted by the municipal authorities of this state.” The charge imposed by the city and county ordi nance before us is not of the character described in this proviso. It is not a payment for any special privilege granted by the municipal authorities. The right to do a telephone business, upon which the tax is imposed, was not granted to the respondent by the municipality.

But if the appellant’s construction of the amendment be correct, the obligation to make payments óf the kind described in the proviso would, even without the proviso, have rested upon the companies. Such payments are certainly not taxes upon property but are akin to the licenses of which we have been speaking. The fact, however, that it was thought necessary to embody a proviso saving such payments from the effect of preceding language affords persuasive indication that, in the view of the framers of the amendment, such language, by itself, would have covered the excepted payments. This is the well-settled rule for construing provisos and exceptions. “Where there is a prohibition, grant or regulation in general words, and a saving of particular things, there is a strong implication that what is excepted would have been within the purview if it had not been excepted; and thus the purview may be made more comprehensive than it would otherwise have been.” (2 Lewis’s Sutherland Statutory Constitution, see. 351; Wayman v. Southard, 10 Wheat. 30 , [ 6 L. Ed. 253 ] ; Thaw v. Ritchie, 136 U. S. 519, 541, 542 , [ 34 L. Ed. 531 , 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1037].) By specially excepting- payments in the nature of licenses from the effect of the amendment, the framers evidenced their intention to put licenses other than those covered by the proviso within the operation of the language preceding the proviso.

For these reasons we agree with the conclusion of the learned trial judge that the taxes imposed by the amendment supersede, not only other taxes upon property, but also license fees like those exacted by the ordinance of the city and county. This result, it seems to us, not only accords with the language of the part of the amendment defining the tax, but is in harmony with the apparent purpose and scope of the new system of taxation created by the amendment.

It will be observed that the license-tax here sought to be collected is clearly one for revenue only. (City of Sonora v. Curtin, 137 Cal. 583 , [ 70 Pac. 674 ]; Santa Monica v. Guidi ner, 137 Cal. 658 , [ 70 Pac. 732 ]; Ex parte Braun, 141 Cal. 204 , [ 74 Pac. 780 ].) Whether the same reasoning would apply to a charge imposed under the police power for the purposes of regulation is a' question that is not presented by the ease before us, and upon it we express no opinion.

The appellant makes the further point that, if the amendment be given the construction contended for by the telephone company, yet it did not operate to relieve the company from the municipal license charge for the period here involved— the first two quarters of 1911—for the reason that the new substituted tax did not become payable until the first Monday in July, 1911. The amendment, which is by its own terms declared to be self-executing, was adopted at an election held on November 8, 1910, and became a part of the organic law on that date. (Const., art. XVIII, sec. 1.) Subdivision (f) of section 14, added to article XIII by the amendment, provides that “the taxes herein provided for shall become a lien on the first Monday in March of each year after the adoption of this section and shall become due and payable on the first Monday in July thereafter. The gross receipts and gross premiums herein mentioned shall be computed for the thirty-first day of December prior to the levy of such taxes and the value of any property mentioned herein shall be fixed, as of the first Monday in March. Nothing herein contained shall affect any tax levied or assessed prior to the adoption of this section ...” It is claimed that the provision that taxes imposed by the amendment should .be “in lieu of all other taxes” did not become operative until the date when the new tax was payable. The amendment does not so provide. It is- not declared that the tax, “when due and payable, ’ ’ shall be in lieu of other taxes, and to so limit the effect of the provision would require the court to read into the enactment words which were not inserted by the framers of the amendment. The percentage of gross receipts, while not payable until July, becomes a lien in M'arch, and is based on the year from January first to December thirty-first. In view of these considerations, and particularly of the fact that taxes “already levied or assessed” are expressly excepted, we see no ground for holding that the provision that the tax should be in lieu of other taxes did not become effective at once with respect to all taxes not excepted. (See State v. Minton, 23 N.'J. L. 529.)

The judgment is affirmed.

Shaw, J., and Angellotti, J., concurred.

Hearing in Bank denied.