Appellant Margaret Nichols brought suit in the district court to overturn a determination of the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare that she is not entitled to disability benefits under 42 U.S.C. §§ 416 (i) and 423. The district court entered summary judgment in favor of the Secretary. We reverse.

Nichols, a 53-year old woman, suffers from urinary incontinence. She is also diabetic. Since 1968 she has undergone two major operations to correct her problem, but neither was successful. The period of her disability allegedly began on June 20, 1973. Nichols applied for disability benefits on September 5, 1973.

All concede that Nichols’ present physical condition renders her unable to engage in gainful employment. The administrative agency nevertheless ruled that, under 20 C.F.R. § 404.1507 (1976), 1 her willful failure to submit to still a third operation precludes a finding that she was disabled. On appeal, Nichols contends that her refusal of yet another surgical intervention was supported by justifiable cause and was therefore not “willful” within the meaning of section 404.1507.

The administrative record contains the opinions of four doctors. Dr. Murray, Nich *933 ols’ family doctor, adamantly opposed further surgery. Dr. Robertson, a specialist in urology whom Nichols consulted, initially reported that a surgical procedure known as the “Marshall-Marchetti repair” might alleviate appellant’s problem. In a later report, however, Robertson expressed misgivings about the advisability of further surgery, noting that some of Nichols’ problems were caused by factors that would not be helped by surgery; he doubted whether further surgery would remedy the disability. Two other doctors recommended surgery, but differed on the appropriate procedure. Based on these reports, the administrative law judge found that “the preponderant medical evidence . . . indicates that the condition is correctible by a standard medical procedure known as the Marshall-Marchetti repair.” He determined that appellant was ineligible for disability benefits because of a willful refusal to undergo a third surgical operation. The Secretary adopted these conclusions.

While the question is not free from doubt, we may assume that the record in this case contains substantial evidence to support a finding that Nichols’ condition could be corrected by surgery. But that finding is not equivalent to a determination that her refusal to undergo surgery was a willful one. Under section 404.1507, “willfulness” is in essence defined as a refusal not supported by justifiable cause. If appellant’s actions were reasonable under the circumstances, then the district court’s judgment upholding the Secretary’s determination must be reversed, notwithstanding a finding that a better medical view is that the condition could be remedied by surgery. We hold that the Secretary applied an incorrect legal standard in determining what constitutes a “willful refusal of treatment,” and that his ruling could not be supported by substantial evidence.

A claimant under a disability need not submit to all treatment, no matter how painful, dangerous, or uncertain of success, merely because one physician believes that a remedy may be effective. Cf. Purdham v. Celebrezze, 349 F.2d 828 (4th Cir. 1965); Ratliff v. Celebrezze, 338 F.2d 978 (6th Cir. 1964). In determining whether a claimant’s refusal to undergo treatment is reasona ble — i. e., supported by justifiable cause under 20 C.F.R. § 404.1507 — several factors must be considered. See Smith v. Weinberger, 394 F.Supp. 1002, 1008 (D.Md.1975). The physician’s outlook as to the success of the treatment is a salient factor in examining the claimant’s behavior. As the physician’s prognosis becomes less optimistic, a claimant’s refusal to undergo surgery may be more reasonable. The nature of the relationship between a physician and a claimant is an indication of the reasonableness of the claimant’s refusal. Where a family physician, in whom the claimant may place a great deal of trust, recommends against surgery, the patient’s decision to adopt that advice tends to be more reasonable than it would be if that advice had not been given.

The nature of the treatment or surgery required also is significant. A patient may be acting reasonably in refusing surgery that is painful or dangerous. Thus, a patient’s reasonable fear has been held to justify refusal of treatment. See Martin v. Ribicoff, 195 F.Supp. 761, 772 (E.D.Tenn. 1961). By contrast, where a prescribed medical procedure is simple, the claimant’s behavior may be subject to closer scrutiny.

The agency should also examine the severity of the claimant’s ailment. The more debilitating the impairment, the less reasonable is the refusal of treatment, especially where the corrective procedure is simple.

Finally, the claimant’s age, background, and medical history should be considered in determining whether he has justifiable cause to refuse treatment. For example, a history of unsuccessful treatment may justify refusal of further treatment. In such cases, a claimant should not be forced continually to undergo treatment in the hope that such treatment will ultimately remedy the disability.

*934 Applying the above factors to this case, we cannot say that Nichols’ failure to submit to surgery was unreasonable, and therefore “willful.” It is true, as the Secretary found, that Nichols’ problem was quite severe, and that Nichols could have submitted to surgery once again. But four physicians were in sharp conflict as to the probable success of the surgery. The physician most adamantly opposed to the surgery was Nichols’ family physician, in whom Nichols might be expected to place much trust. Moreover, Nichols had undergone two operations for the same or similar problems in the past, both of which were unsuccessful. There is no indication in the record that Nichols’ refusal to submit to surgery was either insincere or motivated merely by a desire to collect disability payments. Under the circumstances, we must conclude that a determination that Nichols’ refusal was unjustified could not be supported by substantial evidence. 2

Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is REVERSED, and the cause is REMANDED to the Secretary for the purpose of entering an order awarding the claimant the disability benefits to which she is entitled.

. That regulation provides:

. To reiterate, we do not decide whether the record supports a finding that Nichols’ condition is remediable; that question is collateral to the issue of the reasonableness of her refusal to undergo treatment.