dissenting:

My analysis of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, of the 1978 Amendments to that Act, and of the legislative and administrative material which should guide our interpretation of that Act convinces me that the majority’s decision in this case is in error. Accordingly, I dissent.

The issue in this case is whether Congress, by amending the Rehabilitation Act to “make available” the “remedies, procedures, and rights set forth in Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,” 1 actually limited, in a drastic way, the remedies that were already available to persons aggrieved under § 504 of the Act. No support for such a view can be found in the Act, in the 1978 Amendments, or in the relevant legislative and administrative materials. Indeed, the only support that exists is the decision of the Fourth Circuit in Trageser v. Libbie Rehabilitation Center, 590 F.2d 87 (4th Cir. 1979). Neither that decision, nor those of the other courts that have followed it, can *1273 withstand scrutiny. The Trageser decision has been criticized by the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, 2 by HEW, 3 by the Department of Justice, 4 and *1274 by commentators. 5 It should not be followed by this court.

I. BACKGROUND.

A. The Rehabilitation Act.

Section 504 of the Act prohibits discrimination against the handicapped in “any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” 29 U.S.C. § 794 . Prior to the enactment of the 1978 Amendments, this section had been held to create a private right of action for individuals aggrieved by employment discrimination on the basis of handicap. See, e.g., Whitaker v. Board of Higher Education, 461 F.Supp. 99, 106-08 (E.D.N.Y.1978); Drennon v. Philadelphia Gen. Hosp., 428 F.Supp. 809 , 815-16 & n.6 (E.D.Pa.1977). The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare had issued regulations implementing § 504 which prohibit employment discrimination against the handicapped by all recipients of federal financial assistance. E.g., 45 C.F.R. § 84.11 (1977). 6 HEW also noted, in the analysis of its regulations, the existence of case law holding that § 504 creates a private right of action. 45 C.F.R. § 84 App. A subpar. 8 (1977). The conclusion reached by all of these authorities, that § 504 prohibits employment discrimination against the handicapped by every recipient of federal financial assistance, is supported by the language and clear intent of the Act itself. Section 504 provides:

29 U.S.C. § 794 (emphasis added). Notably, the statute does not read “. . . or be subject to discrimination other than employment discrimination,” nor does it include any words of limitation characterizing the purpose which the federal funding must have before the rights guaranteed by § 504 are available. Furthermore, a primary focus of the Rehabilitation Act was employment for the handicapped. Its purpose was “to see that these [handicapped] individuals do receive the services that they need, particularly that maximum efforts are made to develop a vocational goal for them.” S.Rep.No.318, 93d Cong., 1st Sess. 18, reprinted in [1973] U.S.Code Cong. & Ad. News 2076, 2092. The achievement of that goal is plainly impeded by the existence of discriminatory hiring practices in either the public or the private sector, and it would be odd indeed for Congress to condone such discrimination in programs administered with the help of federal funds.

B. The 1978 Amendments and Title VI The courts recognized, under Cort v. Ash, 422 U.S. 66 , 95 S.Ct. 2080 , 45 L.Ed.2d 26 (1975), that Congress had intended a private right of action to enforce the substantive rights specified in § 504. 7 Lloyd v. Regional Transp. Authority, 548 F.2d 1277 , 1284—87 (7th Cir. 1977). However, the 1973 Act did not spell out federal department and agency procedures adequate to secure the enforcement of the rights it guaranteed, and federal agencies were slow to enforce *1275 those rights. See Comment, Employment Discrimination Against the Handicapped, 54 N.Y.U.L.Rev. 1173, 1192 (1979) [hereinafter cited as “Employment Discrimination”]. See also Linn, Uncle Sam Doesn’t Want You: Entering the Federal Stronghold of Employment Discrimination against Handicapped Individuals, 27 De Paul L.Rev. 1047 (1978). As a result, first Congress, and then President Ford, directed federal agencies to promulgate enforcing regulations. Employment Discrimination, supra, at 1192. The resulting regulations did not distinguish among federally funded programs on the basis of the purpose of the federal funding. Instead, employment discrimination against the handicapped is prohibited in all such programs. See, e.g., 45 C.F.R. § 84.11 (1977). Congress subsequently enacted the 1978 amendments, which were intended to codify as a statutory requirement the “existing HEW practice” embodied in its regulations at 45 C.F.R. parts 84, 85. S.Rep.No. 890, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 19 (1978), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1978, p. 7312. As already noted, the language of that enactment “made available” the procedures of Title VI to aid in the enforcement of § 504.

Title VI, which prohibits racial discrimination in federally funded programs, provides as its most dramatic remedy a cutoff of federal funds to an offending program. 42 U.S.C. § 2000d-l. Title VI also contains a provision which limits enforcement by a federal agency or department in the event of employment discrimination based on race: “Nothing contained in this subchapter shall be construed to authorize action under this subchapter by any department or agency with respect to any employment practice of any employer, employment agency, or labor organization except where a primary objective of the Federal financial assistance is to provide employment.” Section 604 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000d-3.

The principal issue presented to us today is whether the 1978 Amendments, in addition to explicitly making available to § 504 claimants the remedies of Title VI, also carried over the limitation on Title VI remedies effectuated by § 604. The crucial secondary issue concerns the proper scope of that limitation in the § 504 context, if indeed it was carried over at all by the 1978 Amendments. The Trageser court held that the § 604 limitation is broad enough in its customary Title VI field of action to cut off all remedies available under Title VI when it applies at all. It held that the limitation was carried over in the same broad form by the 1978 Amendments, and concluded that, as amended, § 504 provides no remedy for employment discrimination unless the federal funding is provided for the purpose of an employment program.

Analysis shows that the Trageser court was wrong in each step of its syllogism. Trageser is wrong in its broad construction of § 604 in the Title VI context, wrong that the § 604 limitation was carried over to the Rehabilitation Act by the 1978 Amendments, and wrong in its conclusion that there is no remedy under § 504 for discrimination against the handicapped in a program receiving federal funds unless the purpose of those funds is for an employment program.

II. THE TRAGESER INTERPRETATION OF THE 1978 AMENDMENTS IS INCORRECT.

A. The Section 604 Limitation to Title VI Remedies Does Not Limit the Private Right of Action for Race-Related Employment Discrimination.

When Title VI was enacted, its sponsors clearly perceived the crucial distinction between the substantive right it codified and the remedy it provided. That substantive right, which belongs to individuals, can be remedied by private or administrative action.

Employment Discrimination, supra, 54 N.Y. U.L.Rev. at 1189, citing 110 Cong.Rec. 5255 (1964) (emphasis added). Indeed, that distinction is plain on the face of § 604. If *1276 Congress had intended by § 604 to eliminate all remedies under Title VI for employment discrimination except where the purpose of the federal funding is employment, it could simply have legislated that nothing in Title VI “shall be construed to authorize action under this subchapter with respect to any employment practice. . . . ” But that is not what § 604 says. It says that nothing in Title VI “shall be construed to authorize action under this subchapter by any department or agency with respect to any employment practice. . . . ” 42 U.S.C. § 2000d-3 (emphasis added). The Trageser court, without any analysis, simply read these words out of the statute. 8 The Ninth Circuit has never ruled on this question. I am not persuaded that we should defer to the “reasoning” of the Trageser court on this point, because I do not find any reasoning in Trageser on this point. I would adhere to the plain language of the statute, and hold that the § 604 limitation on Title VI only applies to enforcement actions by federal agencies and departments. When § 604 is read in this way, it is clearly not a bar to the present action, even if, as I doubt, its limitation is to be applied to actions under the Rehabilitation Act.

B. The 1978 Amendments Did Not Make the § 604 Limitation on Title VI Enforcement Applicable to § 504.

The language of § 120(a) of the 1978 Amendments gives no clue that Congress believed it was limiting the existing remedies under § 504. It simply makes no sense that by using language which purports to “make available” the remedies of Title VI, Congress actually intended to deprive the handicapped of a crucial remedy. The Trageser court, in an apparent attempt to sidestep this obvious objection to its analysis, opined that rather than withdrawing any previously available remedies, the 1978 Amendment “simply confirms a plausible reading of § 504 as originally enacted.” 9 590 F.2d at 89 . I doubt that the reading proposed by the Trageser court is plausible even when nothing but the bare language of the 1973 Act is considered. 10 When the legislative and administrative gloss reviewed above is considered, the Trageser reading of the original statute is utterly implausible.

Aside from the clear language of the amendment, there is another reason to doubt that Congress meant to limit § 504 in the way Trageser concludes it did. The limitation of § 604 does not deprive persons aggrieved under Title VI of a remedy. Victims of racially based employment discrimination will still have a remedy under Title VII, unless the employer in question has fewer than fifteen employees. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e — 2(a)(1), 2000e(b). Those left unprotected by Title VII may still have a private action under Title VI. 11 See Cannon v. University of Chicago, 441 U.S. 677, 710-16 , 99 S.Ct. 1946, 1964-67 , 60 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979); Comment, Employment Discrimination, supra, N.Y.U.L.Rev. at 1185—91. In contrast, Title VII does not cover *1277 handicap discrimination, so the only federal remedies available are those provided by the Rehabilitation Act. The Trageser doctrine leaves victims of employment discrimination without any federal remedy at all.

The legislative history of Title VI — which was commonly referred to as the “cut-off-the-funds title” — shows clearly that Congress was anxious not to endanger important federal programs by an over-liberal use of this drastic remedy when other remedies for racially based employment discrimination were readily available. See, e.g., Hearings on H.R. 7152 Before the House Comm, on Rules, 88th Cong., 2d Sess. 379-80 (1964) (Remarks of Rep. Poff); id. at 197 — 200, 228 (Remarks of Rep. Avery). Congress tempered the remedies of its anti-discrimination legislation to preserve the goals of other important federal programs. By reading § 604 to exclude all remedies, rather than simply agency action, and then importing this broadened exclusion into the Rehabilitation Act, the Trageser “reasoning” makes a mockery of Congress’s careful and measured approach.

This point was well put by Judge McMillian, concurring in Carmi v. Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer Dist., 620 F.2d 672 (8th Cir. 1980). He wrote:

Id. at 679-80 (McMillian, J., concurring). In the context of Title VI, § 604 operates to circumscribe, in a considered way, the choice of remedies available for discrimination in violation of that title. In the context of § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, applied Trageser-style, § 604 operates as a blunderbuss. As Judge Orrick noted in Hart v. County of Alameda, 485 F.Supp. 66, 72 (N.D.Cal.1979), “there is not a single word of legislative history to support [an inference that Congress intended to restrict the scope of Section 504 by importing the restrictions of Section 604]; indeed, the overwhelming impression created by the legislative history of the 1978 Amendments is that Congress intended to expand the remedies available under the Act.”

CONCLUSION

The goal of eliminating discrimination against the handicapped is a laudable one, and one which Congress has taken major steps to reach. The court today decides to turn its back on this goal. In so doing, the court flies in the face of the clear language of the Rehabilitation Act and the plain understanding and intent of Congress in enacting and amending that statute. I am therefore compelled to dissent.

. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 [“the Act”] § 505(a)(2), 29 U.S.C. § 794a(a)(2), as amended by Comprehensive Rehabilitation Services Amendments of 1978 [“the 1978 Amendments”], § 120(a).

. “[Trageser] is not consistent with Congress’ original and continuing intent that handicapped individuals be empowered to bring suit in Federal District Court for alleged employment discrimination in violation of [section 504], regardless of the designated use of the Federal funds received by the employer in question.” S.Rep.No.316, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 13 (1979).

. Comment: Commenters suggested that under [Trageser ] the Department has no authority to accept or resolve employment discrimination complaints under Section 504.

Response: The Guidelines reflect the Department’s current interpretation of its authority. If and when it must be revised to conform to controlling judicial decisions, the new policy will be announced and will supersede the Guidelines.

Comments and Recommendations on Proposed Guidelines [now codified at 45 C.F.R. Part 84, Appendix B (1980)], 44 Fed.Reg. 17168, 17174 (1979).

These guidelines deserve special deference. They were developed in response to Executive Order 11914 (1976), which directed the Secretary of HEW to coordinate the implementation of § 504 by all federal departments and agencies, and directed those departmental agencies to “issue rules, regulations, and directives, consistent with the standards and procedures established by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.” The coordinating function was transferred from HEW to the Attorney General by Executive Order 12250 (1980), which revoked Executive Order 11914.

. As of 1980, the Attorney General was assigned responsibility for coordinating the enforcement of § 504 by federal departments and agencies. Executive Order 12250 (1980). See footnote 3, supra. In his analysis of rules promulgated under this authority, see 28 C.F.R. §§ 42.501 -.540 (1980), the attorney general stated that

Nondiscrimination Based on Handicap in Federally Assisted Programs — Implementation of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and Executive Order 11914, 45 Fed.Reg. 37620, 37628 (1980). The analysis goes on to note that in view of Trageser and Carmi , the provisions relating to employment would not be enforced within the Fourth and Eighth Circuits unless the primary objective of the federal funding is employment. Id.

. E.g., Comment, Employment Discrimination Against the Handicapped: Can Trageser Repeal the Private Right of Action? 54 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 1173 (1979).

. (1) No qualified handicapped person shall, on the basis of handicap, be subjected to discrimination in employment under any program or activity to which this part applies .... (3) A recipient shall make all decisions concerning employment under any program or activity to which this part applies in a manner which ensures that discrimination on the basis of handicap does not occur and may not limit, segregate, or classify applicants or employees in any way that adversely affects their opportunities or status because of handicap. 45 C.F.R. § 84.11 (1977). The part applies to “each recipient of Federal financial assistance from the Department of Health, Education and Welfare and to each program or activity that receives or benefits from such assistance.” Id. § 84.2. There is no provision limiting the application of § 84.11 to programs where the purpose of the Federal funding is employment. These regulations were not altered in response to the 1978 amendments. See 45 C.F.R. §§ 84.2 , 84.11 (1980).

. Indeed, the Tenth Circuit recently noted: “Every court of appeals and district court, and there have been many, which have considered this question have held that a private right of action exists under the statute.” (sic) Pushkin v. Regents of University of Colorado, 658 F.2d 1372, 1377 (10th Cir. 1981) (collecting cases).

. The Trageser court states in its opinion that “Title VI does not provide a judicial remedy for employment discrimination by institutions receiving federal funds unless (1) providing employment is a primary objective of the federal aid, or (2) discrimination in employment necessarily causes discrimination against the primary beneficiaries of the federal aid.” 590 F.2d at 89 (footnotes omitted). One of the cases cited does hold that the § 604 limitation applies to private actions under Title VI. Quiroz v. City of Santa Ana, 18 FEP Cases 1138, 1140 (C.D.Cal.1978). It offers no reasoning or authority in support of this conclusion. Furthermore, that case merely dismissed the complaint with leave to amend. Since the plaintiff was a CETA worker, his complaint could easily have been amended to avoid the issue altogether. The other cases cited by the Trageser court do not support its assertion.

. Other courts have known better. The Eighth Circuit observed in Simon v. St. Louis County, Mo., 656 F.2d 316 , 319 n.6 (8th Cir. 1981), that Carmi v. Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer Dist., 620 F.2d 672, 674-75 (8th Cir. 1980), which follows the reasoning and adopts the holding of Trageser, “limited what had been construed to be a broader private right of action under section 504 . . . . ” Id.

. Civil rights statutes are to be construed as broadly as their language permits. Griffin v. Breckinridge, 403 U.S. 88, 97 , 91 S.Ct. 1790, 1796 , 23 L.Ed.2d 338 (1971); Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409, 437 , 88 S.Ct. 2186, 2202 , 20 L.Ed.2d 1189 (1968).

. See note 8, supra. For cases holding that Title VI provides a private right of action, see Cannon v. University of Chicago, 441 U.S. 677 , 696-97 & 696 nn.20, 21, 99 S.Ct. 1946 , 1957-58 & 1957 nn. 20, 21, 60 L.Ed.2d 560 .