DISCUSSION

A. Legal Principles

The use of peremptory challenges to remove a prospective juror because of that

juror's race or ethnicity is unconstitutional discrimination. (Batson, supra, 476 U.S. at

pp. 86-87; Wheeler, supra, 22 Cal.3d at pp. 276-277.) There are three steps in

establishing a Batson/Wheeler claim. First, a defendant must make a prima facie case by

showing that the prosecutor exercised a peremptory challenge based on race. (People v.

Lenix (2008) 44 Cal.4th 602, 612 (Lenix).) To make a prima facie showing, the

1 Batson v. Kentucky (1986) 476 U.S. 79 (Batson); People v. Wheeler (1978) 22 Cal.3d 258 (Wheeler), overruled in part by Johnson v. California (2005) 545 U.S. 162, 168 (Johnson). 2 defendant need only produce evidence sufficient to permit the trial judge to draw an

inference that discrimination has occurred. (People v. Cornwell (2005) 37 Cal.4th

50, 66.) If that is done, the People must show race-neutral reasons for the challenge.

(Lenix, at p. 612.) The prosecutor's justification for the peremptory challenge need not

rise to the level of a challenge for cause, and even a trivial reason, if genuine and neutral,

may suffice. (Id. at p. 613.)

The third stage of the Batson/Wheeler inquiry " 'comes down to whether the trial

court finds the prosecutor's race-neutral explanations to be credible. Credibility can be

measured by, among other factors, the prosecutor's demeanor; by how reasonable, or how

improbable, the explanations are; and by whether the proffered rationale has some basis

in accepted trial strategy.' . . . In assessing credibility, the court draws upon its

contemporaneous observations of the voir dire. It may also rely on the court's own

experiences as a lawyer and bench officer in the community, and even the common

practices of the advocate and the office that employs him or her." (Lenix, supra, 44

Cal.4th at p. 613, citations and footnote omitted.)

"[T]he issue is not whether there is a pattern of systematic exclusion; rather, the

issue is whether a particular prospective juror has been challenged because of group

bias." (People v. Avila (2006) 38 Cal.4th 491, 549.) Even a single discriminatory

exclusion may violate a defendant's right to a representative jury. (Ibid.) The trial court's

findings on purposeful discrimination turn largely on credibility, and on appeal we

review the court's ruling for substantial evidence. (Lenix, supra, 44 Cal.4th at pp. 613-

614.) " 'We presume that a prosecutor uses peremptory challenges in a constitutional

3 manner and give great deference to the trial court's ability to distinguish bona fide

reasons from sham excuses. [Citation.] So long as the trial court makes a sincere and

reasoned effort to evaluate the nondiscriminatory justifications offered, its conclusions

are entitled to deference on appeal.' " (Ibid.)

B. Background

Aune is Caucasian. During voir dire, defense counsel objected to the prosecutor's

use of peremptory challenges to remove the only two African-American jurors on the

entire panel. Prospective Juror Number 4 (Juror 4) supervised a unit of social workers

and served on an advisory committee with police officers and sheriff's deputies. She was

formerly in the Navy and had friends and family serve in the Navy. Prospective Juror

Number 30 (Juror 30) had her purse stolen from a shopping cart. The ex-husband of

Juror 30 previously worked for Verizon and both of her sisters worked in law

enforcement.

The prosecutor excused Juror 4. The prosecutor later excused Juror 30, prompting

a Batson challenge. After the trial court concluded that defense counsel had made a

prima facie showing, the prosecutor explained that she struck Juror 4 based on her

response to a hypothetical question about convicting a person using circumstantial

evidence. Juror 4 stated she would "at least want more than that" explaining that she had

six brothers who could "set the stage" so that someone else took the blame. The court

stated that if it were a prosecutor it "probably would have struck" Juror 4 based on her

response to the hypothetical question. Since there was a substantial basis to strike Juror

4, the court found that the defense failed to show a "discriminatory pattern."

4 When asked to explain why she excused Juror 30, the prosecutor stated Juror 30

had not responded to "questions very in-depth" and she "just got a weird feeling about"

Juror 30. The trial court denied the Batson challenge. It found the prosecutor had a

legitimate basis for striking Juror 4. As to Juror 30, the court found that the prosecutor

had not pointed to anything in particular, but demonstrated based on her review of the

questions and answers that another juror would be better for her.

C. Analysis

As a preliminary matter, the trial court found defense counsel had made a prima

facie showing that the prosecutor exercised peremptory challenges based on race when

she excluded the only two African-Americans from the venire. Thus, the burden shifted

to the prosecution to show race-neutral reasons for the challenges. (Lenix, supra, 44

Cal.4th at p. 612.) Aune does not contest the prosecution's showing as to Juror 4, who

had expressed a concern about convicting a defendant based solely on circumstantial

evidence, a genuine race-neutral reason. Rather, Aune contends the trial court erred in

ruling that a race neutral explanation for removing Juror 4 rendered further inquiry as to

Juror 30 unnecessary because there was no pattern of racial discrimination.

A trial court errs when it focuses only on a pattern of discrimination through

multiple excusals in making a prima facie case of racial discrimination. (People v. Avila,

supra, 38 Cal.4th at pp. 554-555 [trial court was under the mistaken impression that only

a pattern of discrimination through multiple excusals could make prima facie showing].)

Here, the trial court found Aune had made a prima facie showing; thus, it is unclear why

the trial court referenced the lack of pattern evidence. Putting aside the trial court's

5 statement regarding pattern evidence, the record does not support Aune's contention that

the trial court failed to inquire as to the prosecutor's reason for removing Juror 30.

Rather, the trial court found "a legitimate basis" for removing Juror 4 and then asked the

prosecutor: "Explain as to Juror 30." Thus, the record does not support Aune's

contention that the trial court failed to conduct any analysis or inquiry into the

prosecutor's reasons for dismissing Juror 30.

Aune's complaint appears to be with the prosecutor's explanation and the trial

court's subsequent implied finding that Aune had not shown purposeful racial

discrimination.2 The prosecutor explained that she excused Juror 30 because Juror 30

had not responded to "questions very in-depth" and the prosecutor "got a weird feeling

about her." As our high court has explained, the focus of a Batson/Wheeler inquiry "is on

the subjective genuineness of the race-neutral reasons given for the peremptory

challenge, not on the objective reasonableness of those reasons." (People v. Reynoso

(2003) 31 Cal.4th 903, 924.)

2 Before denying the motion, the trial court never expressly found that the prosecutor had race-neutral reasons for excusing Juror 30. Rather, the trial court stated that the prosecutor need not point to anything in particular as to why she excused Juror 30, but that the prosecutor demonstrated that, based on the questions and answers, the prosecutor believed other jurors would be better. Aune takes issue with the trial court's statement that the prosecutor preferred other jurors, stating this is not a race-neutral explanation. Had the prosecutor stated that she preferred another juror as her sole reason for excusing Juror 30, this would not have been race-neutral. (People v. Cisneros (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 111, 120-121 [prosecutor's statement that she excused two prospective jurors because she preferred the next prospective juror, without more, is not adequate nondiscriminatory justification for the excusal].) Here, however, the prosecutor did not make this statement and the trial court's observation that the prosecutor preferred another juror over Juror 30 does not detract from the race-neutral reasons for the excusal actually tendered by the prosecutor. 6 Here, while the prosecutor's reasons for excusing Juror 30 might not appear

reasonable, they were nondiscriminatory. (See, e.g., Lenix, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 613

["A prospective juror may be excused based upon facial expressions, gestures, hunches,

and even for arbitrary or idiosyncratic reasons."].) We reject the underlying premise of

Aune's argument that the trial court failed to conduct a proper inquiry into the

prosecutor's explanations for her peremptory challenge of Juror 30. The trial court "is not

required to make specific or detailed comments for the record to justify every instance in

which a prosecutor's race-neutral reason for exercising a peremptory challenge is being

accepted by the court as genuine." (People v. Reynoso, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 919.) The

prosecutor provided race-neutral reasons for excusing Juror 30, the trial court assessed

the prosecutor's explanation and necessarily concluded it was subjectively genuine. The

trial court had the benefit of its contemporaneous observations of both voir dire and the

prosecutor's demeanor and, in the absence of exceptional circumstances, we must defer to

the trial court's credibility determination regarding a prosecutor's proffered reason for

excusing a juror. (Lenix, at p. 614.)

Finally, Aune complains that Juror 30 did not answer any questions less in-depth

than many of the other jurors who were allowed to serve, noting Juror Number 17 had a

cousin who worked for Verizon and the prosecutor also mentioned having a weird feeling

about Juror Number 3, both of whom were allowed to serve. Aune's contention that other

jurors were seated whom he claimed had similar answers and backgrounds is of no

consequence as the argument ignores that peremptory challenges are not challenges for

cause and may be made on an " 'apparently trivial' " or " 'highly speculative' " basis and

7 " ' "without reason or for no reason, arbitrarily and capriciously." ' " (People v. Jones

(1998) 17 Cal.4th 279, 294.) "[T]he very dynamics of the jury selection process make it

difficult, if not impossible, on a cold record, to evaluate or compare the peremptory

challenge of one juror with the retention of another juror which on paper appears to be

substantially similar." (People v. Johnson (1989) 47 Cal.3d 1194, 1221.)

In summary, we find no error in the trial court's denial of defense counsel's

Batson/Wheeler motion.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

HALLER, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

O'ROURKE, J.

AARON, J.

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