MEMORANDUM

1. Section 523(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code prevents the discharge of debts arising from a debtor’s “willful and malicious injury” to the property of another. 11 U.S.C. § 523 (a)(6). Relying on the Califor nia Superior Court’s determination that Tolotti “acted deliberately, willfully, and intended to cause injury to Plaintiffs security and impede Plaintiff from obtaining physical possession of the property,” the bankruptcy court held that Tolotti’s debt wasn’t dischargeable. Because we are “in as good a position as the BAP to review the decision of the bankruptcy court, we review the bankruptcy court’s decision independently,” In re Nourbakhsh, 67 F.3d 798 , 800 (9th Cir. 1995) (per curiam), and affirm.

For collateral estoppel to apply, five factors must be met: (1) the issue sought to be precluded “must be identical to that decided in a former proceeding”; (2) the issue must have been “actually litigated” in the former proceeding; (3) the issue must have been “necessarily decided” in the former proceeding; (4) the decision in the former proceeding must be “final and on the merits”; and (5) the party against whom preclusion is sought must be “the same as, or in privity with,” the party to the former proceeding. Lucido v. Superior Court of Mendocino Cty., 51 Cal.3d 335 , 272 Cal.Rptr. 767 , 795 P.2d 1223, 1225 (1990) (citations omitted).

The bankruptcy court properly applied collateral estoppel in this case. There is no dispute that the fourth and fifth factors— whether the parties are the same and the prior decision was final and on the merits—are met here. The issues presented in state court were identical to those presented to the bankruptcy court. In fact, the parties stipulated to litigate their claims in state court “in order to avoid potentially duplicative litigation ... and/or inconsistent results that could arise should this matter be litigated in bankruptcy Court.” The default judgment entered in state court satisfies the “actually litigated” requirement. See In re Harmon, 250 F.3d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 2001), Assuming that Tolotti hasn’t waived the right to challenge whether the issue was “necessarily decided,” this requirement is met so long as the issue was not “entirely unnecessary” to the judgment. Lucido, 272 Cal.Rptr. 767 , 795 P.2d at 1226 . This prong of the collateral estoppel test is most salient when there are no express findings. See In re Harmon, 250 F.3d at 1248 (“[T]he express finding requirement can be waived if the court in the prior proceeding necessarily decided the issue....”). But the state court expressly found that Tolotti “acted deliberately, willfully, and intended to cause injury to Plaintiffs security.”

2. The bankruptcy court properly determined that “[ajpplication of the doctrine of collateral estoppel in this case will further the public policy interest of preserving the integrity of the judicial system, promoting judicial economy, and protecting litigants from harassment by vexatious litigation.” See In re Baldwin, 249 F.3d 912, 919-20 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Lucido, 272 Cal.Rptr. 767 , 795 P.2d at 1227 ).

The decision of the bankruptcy court is AFFIRMED.

This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.