MEMORANDUM

Appellant David Armstrong appeals from the district court’s order affirming a final order of the bankruptcy court, which held that a criminal restitution order imposed against Armstrong was nondis-chargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523 (a)(7). We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 158 (a) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291 , and we affirm.

Section 523(a)(7) of the Bankruptcy Code states that a debtor may not discharge any debt “to the extent such debt is for a fine, penalty, or forfeiture payable to and for the benefit of a governmental unit, and is not compensation for actual pecuniary loss[.]” In Kelly v. Robinson, 479 U.S. 36 , 107 S.Ct. 353 , 93 L.Ed.2d 216 (1986), the Supreme Court held that “§ 523(a)(7) preserves from discharge any condition a state criminal court imposes as part of a criminal sentence.” Id. at 50, 107 S.Ct. 353 (emphasis added). This includes criminal restitution orders such as the one imposed on Armstrong. As the Supreme Court held:

Id. at 53. The Supreme Court based this broad holding upon a “deep conviction that federal bankruptcy courts should not invalidate the results of state criminal proceedings.” Id. at 47, 107 S.Ct. 353 .

We have followed Kelly. See In re Silverman, 616 F.3d 1001, 1008 (9th Cir. 2010) (“As Kelly made clear, criminal restitution payments are nondischargeable.”); In re Taggart, 249 F.3d 987 , 994 n.9 (9th Cir. 2001) (“The Supreme Court has held that '§ 523(a)(7) preserves from discharge any condition a state criminal court imposes as part of a criminal sentence.’ ”) (quoting Kelly, 479 U.S. at 50 , 107 S.Ct. 353 ); In re Levy, 951 F.2d 196, 198-99 (9th Cir. 1991) (Kelly “held that restitution obligations imposed in state criminal proceedings are not dischargeable.”).

Nevertheless, Armstrong contends that his criminal restitution is dischargeable because, unlike the state statute at issue in Kelly , the California penal code provides for both “restitution” and a “restitution fine.” Compare Cal. Penal Code § 1202.4 (f) (“[I]n every case in which a victim has suffered economic loss as a result of the defendant’s conduct, the court shall require that the defendant make restitution to the victim or victims in an amount established by court order, based on the amount of loss claimed by the victim or victims or any other showing to the court.”) with Cal. Penal Code § 1202.4 (b) (“In every case where a person is convicted of a crime, the court shall impose a separate and additional restitution fine, unless it finds compelling and extraordinary reasons for not doing so and states those reasons on the record.”). Armstrong argues that the holding of Kelly extends only to the “restitution fine,” and not to a restitution order issued pursuant to California Penal Code § 1202.4(f).

This argument is squarely precluded by Kelly , which categorically held that criminal restitution orders are nondischargeable. 479 U.S. at 49-50 , 107 S.Ct. 353 . The Court’s holding did not hinge upon the specific language or structure of the state law at issue. Rather, it was based upon the desire not to interfere with state courts’ “unfettered administration of their criminal justice systems.” Id. at 44 , 107 S.Ct. 353 . Here, Armstrong’s restitution order served California’s penological interests and was imposed as a function of the administration of that state’s criminal justice system. It therefore falls within the scope of Kelly , even though the California penal statute also provides for the imposition of a separate “restitution fíne.” To hold otherwise “would hamper the flexibility of state criminal judges in choosing the combination of imprisonment, fines, and restitution most likely to further the rehabilitative and deterrent goals of state criminal justice systems.” Id. at 49 , 107 S.Ct. 353 .

Armstrong’s, remaining arguments are unavailing. First, we have no occasion to revisit or challenge Kelly . Second, the principle of federalism supports, not subverts, the Supreme Court’s interpretation of Section 523(a)(7), for “[t]o allow a debtor to discharge this [restitution] obligation would be abhorrent to the standards of federalism expressed in Kelly that bankruptcy statutes should not be interpreted so as to remit state criminal judgments.” In re Warfel, 268 B.R. 205, 212 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2001). Third, the fact that the California statute provides that restitution is to be based on the amount of loss “claimed by the victim or victims” is irrelevant, for “such [is] the nature of restitution.” In re Steiger, 159 B.R. 907, 912 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1993). The fact that restitution “may be determined by reference to the amount of harm caused by the offender ... does not alter its penal character.” Warfel, 268 B.R. at 210 (citing Kelly, 479 U.S. at 51-52 , 107 S.Ct. 353 ).

AFFIRMED.

This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.