OPINION

Flemming Kristensen received a text message from AC Referral that violated the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA), 47 U.S.C. § 227 . In this class action against three lenders and two marketing companies, Kristensen claims that they had ratified the unlawful text messages. Because AC Referral (which is not a party to this suit) was neither the agent nor purported agent of four of the defendants, they cannot have ratified AC Referral’s acts. See Restatement (Third) of Agency §§ 4.01 and 4.03 (Am. Law Inst. 2006). Although one of the marketing companies, had an agency relationship with AC Referral, it is not bound by AC Referral’s acts because it lacked knowledge that AC Referral was violating the TCPA and did not have knowledge of facts that would have led a reasonable person to investigate further. See id. § 4.06. We therefore affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment.

I

On December 6, 2011, Flemming Kris-tensen received an unwanted text message from an Ohio phone number that read:

This text message was generated as an indirect result of marketing campaigns undertaken by three payday lenders, Enova International, Inc., Pioneer Financial Services, Inc., and Credit Payment Services, Inc. The lenders entered into separate agreements with LeadPile LLC, a company that buys and sells customer leads. In order to obtain leads, LeadPile in turn contracted with Click Media, LLC. Click Media uses leads from thousands of “publishers” who generate leads. If these leads lead to loans, the loan providers pay Click Media and Click Media pays the publishers, like AC Referral, a portion of that fee. Click Media and AC Referral entered into a contract that contemplated using text messages as one method of generating leads, and stated that AC Referral must comply with the TCPA. AC Referral had no contact with LeadPile, Enova, Pioneer Services, or Credit Payment Services; its representatives had not even heard of these companies before the lawsuit was filed.

In performing its contract with Click Media, AC Referral purchased lists of consumer phone numbers from other lead generating companies, and uploaded those phone numbers into a program that sent out advertisements. This program sent the text message that Kristensen received. A consumer who clicked on the link' in the text message would be redirected to a loan application website controlled by Click Media. If the consumer filled out an application, the website would redirect the consumer to the website of an appropriate lender.

Kristensen did not click on the link nor apply for a loan. Instead, he filed a putative class action complaint against Credit Payment Services, Pioneer Services, Eno-va, LeadPile, and Click Media on behalf of himself and all other persons who received an unauthorized text message advertisement, alleging that the defendants were vicariously liable for sending the text messages in violation of the TCPA. The district court certified a class of all individuals who were sent a text message from various telephone numbers from December 5, 2011 through January 11, 2012. Kristensen v. Credit Payment Servs., 12 F.Supp.3d 1292, 1308 (D. Nev. 2014).

The lenders and LeadPile moved for summary judgment, and the district court granted the motion. It rejected each of Kristensen’s theories of vicarious liability, including his theory that the defendants ratified AC Referral’s texting campaign by accepting leads .while knowing that AC Referral was using texts to generate those leads. The court subsequently held that ClickMedia was entitled to summary judgment on the same grounds as the lenders and entered a stipulated summary judgment in its favor.

On appeal, Kristensen argues only that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the -defendants ratified AC Referral’s unlawful texting by accepting the benefits of the text messages sent by AC Referral while unreasonably failing to investigate its texting methods. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C; § 1291. We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, McDonald v. Sun Oil Co., 548 F.3d 774, 778 (9th Cir. 2008), viewing the 'evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party in order to determine whether there are any genuine issues of material fact, Thomas v. Ponder, 611 F.3d 1144, 1149-50 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting LVRC Holdings LLC v. Brekka, 581 F.3d 1127, 1137 (9th Cir. 2009)).

II

The TCPA makes it “unlawful for any person within the United’ States, or any person outside the United States if the recipient is within the United States—(A) to make any call (other than a call made for emergency purposes' or made with the prior express consent of the called party) using any automatic telephone dialing system ... (iii) to any ... cellular telephone service.” 47 U.S.C. § 227 (b)(l)(A)(iii). The Federal . Communications Commission (F,CC) has concluded that communicating byj means -of a text message falls within the meaning of “to make any call,” and we defer to that conclusion. See Satterfield v. Simon & Schuster, Inc., 569 F.3d 946, 952 (9th Cir. 2009).

Pursuant to its authority to make rujies and regulations to implement the TCPA, 47 U.S.C. § 227 (b)(2), the FCC has ruled that:“[c]alls placed by ah agent of the telemarketer are treated as if the telemarketer itself placed the call,” In re Rules & Regulations Implementing the TCPA of 1991, 10 FCC Rcd. 12391, 12397 (1995), and has construed actions under the TCPÁ “to incorporate federal common law agency principles of vicarious liability,” In re Joint Petition Filed by Dish Network, LLC, 28 FCC Rcd. 6574, 6584 (2013). The FCC relies, on the Restatement (Third) of Agency as the federal common law of agency. See id. at 6586, n.100 ; Gomez v. Campbell-Ewald Co., 768 F.3d 871, 877-78 (9th Cir. 2014), aff'd, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct., 663 , 193 L.Ed.2d 571 (2016), as revised (Feb. 9, 2016). We defer to this construction of the TCPA, as well as the FCC’s reliance on the Restatement. See Gomez, 768 F.3d at 878-79 .

The Restatement (Third), of Agency defines “ratification” as “the affirmance oí a prior act done by another, whereby the act is given effect as if done by an agent acting with actual authority.” Restatement (Third) of Agency § 4.01(1). “Ratification does not occur unless ... the act is ratifia-b|e as stated in § 4.03.” Id. § 4.01(3)(a). Ain act is ratifiable “if the actor acted or purported to act- as an agent on the person’s behalf.” Id.. § 4.03. Therefore,' “[jw]hen an actor is not an agent and does npt purport to be one,” the doctrine of ratification does not apply. Id. § 4.03 cmt. bl

,Even if a principal ratifies an agent’s aét,. “[t]he principal is not bound by a ratification made without knowledge of material facts about the agent’s act unless the principal chose to ratify with awareness that such knowledge was lacking.” Id. § 4.01 cmt b. A principal has assumed the risk of lack of knowledge if “the principal is shown to have had knowlédge .of facts that would have led a reasonable person to investigate further, but the principal ratified 'without further investigation.” Id. § 4.06 cmt. d. For instance, if a principal knows that a chandelier has been removed from an old building but ratifies its agent’s acquisition of the chandelier without inspecting it, the principal has assumed the risk that the chandelier may require expensive rewiring. See id. § 4.06 illus. 3. Similarly, if a principal receives a letter from a customer stating it is increasing its order due to a new return policy and improved product quality, and the principal ratifies the contract with the .customer even though it knows there is no new return policy or improved product quality, the principal assumes the risk that its agent made misrepresentations to the customer. Id. .§ 4.06 illus. 4; see also Computer, Inc. v. Emery Air Freight Corp., 919 F.2d 678, 682-83 (11th Cir. 1990) (applying this assumption of the risk principle).

Ill

Under these settled principles, the district court did not err in concluding that Kristensen failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Credit Payment Services, Pioneer Services, Enova, or LeadPile ratified AC Referral’s unlawful text messaging. It is undisputed that AC Referral did not enter into a contract with any of the lenders or with LeadPile. It is also undisputed that AC Referral did not communicate with or even know of the lenders or LeadPile before the lawsuit was filed. Because AC Referral was neither an agent nor a purported agent of the lenders or LeadPile, AC Referral’s actions do not qualify as ratifiable acts. See Restatement (Third) of Agency §§ 4.01, 4.03. Accordingly, the lenders and LeadPile cannot be held vicariously liable for AC Referral’s unlawful text messages under a ratification theory.

Nor did Kristensen raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Click Media ratified AC Referral’s unlawful text messages. Although AC Referral was an agent of Click Media, Kristensen presented no evidence that Click Media had actual knowledge that AC Referral was sending text messages in violation of TCPA. Nor is there any basis to infer that Click Media assumed the risk of lack of knowledge, because Kristensen did not present evidence that Click Media “had knowledge of facts that would have led a reasonable person to investigate further,” but ratified AC Referral’s acts anyway without investigation. Id. § 4.06 cmt. d.

Kristensen points to the fact that Click Media’s contract with AC Referral stated that AC Referral could use text, message marketing and required AC Referral to comply with the TCPA. According to Kris-tensen, this was sufficient tó trigger Click Media’s - duty to investigate whether AC Referral was acting in compliance with law. We disagree. The knowledge that an agent is engaged in an otherwise commonplace marketing activity is not the sort of red flag that would lead a reasonable person to investigate whether the agent was engaging in unlawful activities. Because Click Media had-'no “knowledge of- facts that would have led a reasonable person to ■investigate further,” id., Click Media-.cannot be deemed to have ratified AC Referral’s actions and therefore is not vicariously liable.

AFFIRMED,

.. Kristensen argues -that Click Media was on notice of AC Referral’s unlawful behavior because Click Media contacted AC Referral on April 2, 20Í2 and March 7, 2013 regarding allégedly unlawful text méssages. Because both incidents took place outside the class period (December 5, 2011 to January 11, 2012), they cannot be the basis for Kristensen’s claim. See Retail Wholesale & Dep’t Store Union Local 338 Ret. Fund v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 845 F.3d 1268, 1277 (9th Cir. 2017). . We deny all pending motions to strike portions of the briefs and excerpts of the record as moot.