I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs, who are “air travel passengers and travel agents,” “First Amended

Complaint” or “FAC” ¶ 51, brought this suit under Section 1 of the Sherman Act,

alleging that United Airlines, Inc., American Airlines, Inc. and Delta Air Lines,

Inc. (collectively, the “Airline Defendants”) conspired amongst themselves and

with the Airline Tariff Publishing Company (“ATPCO”) to institute a “drastic

change in the structure of pricing multi-city travel.” FAC at 2–3. Prior to the

events that precipitated this lawsuit, travel agents and consumers could sometimes

combine multiple shorter nonstop flights to reduce the price of longer trips. This

act of combining multiple one-way tickets to reduce the overall cost is known as

1 At the motion-to-dismiss stage we accept the FAC’s well-pleaded factual allegations as true and construe all inferences in favor of Plaintiffs. Mashiri v. Epsten Grinnel & Howell, 845 F.3d 984, 988 (9th Cir. 2017).

2 17-15468 “sum of sector” pricing.

On March 30, 2016, United announced that “multiple U.S. carriers recently

made changes to the CAT 102 domestic combinability fare rules impacting some

one-way fares.” Id. On April 1, 2016, American Airlines announced that it “along

with other U.S. carriers, made changes to the CAT 10 domestic combinability fare

rules that impact certain one-way fares.” FAC ¶ 64. That same day Delta Air

Lines announced that it, too, had “recently made changes to the combinability of

one-way fare products.” Id. ¶ 67. The effect of the announced changes was to

curtail the availability of sum-of-sector pricing at each of these airlines.

Plaintiffs allege that “sometime prior to mid-March 2016,” Id. ¶ 3, the

Airline Defendants colluded through ATPCO to make this change, which increased

the cost of domestic multi-city trips. Defendants moved to dismiss for failure to

state a claim, and the district court granted that motion, and later denied a Rule

62.1 Motion for an Indicative Ruling that the court would entertain Plaintiffs’ Rule

60(b) motion for relief from the judgment on the basis of new evidence. Both

rulings are before us on appeal, and we AFFIRM.

II. DISCUSSION

A. The Motion to Dismiss

2 CAT 10 stands for Category 10, which is the category of pricing information distributed by ATPCO to airlines and travel agents concerning the combinability of multi-city airfares.

3 17-15468 We review dismissal of the complaint de novo, Kendall v. Visa U.S.A., Inc.,

518 F.3d 1042, 1046 (9th Cir. 2008), using the now-familiar plausibility rubric

established by Twombly3 and its progeny. Under this framework, “when

allegations of parallel conduct are set out in order to make a § 1 claim, they must

be placed in a context that raises a suggestion of a preceding agreement, not merely

parallel conduct that could just as well be independent action.” Twombly, 550

U.S. at 557. “Even ‘conscious parallelism,’ a common reaction of ‘firms in a

concentrated market [that] recogniz[e] their shared economic interests and their

interdependence with respect to price and output decisions’ is ‘not in itself

unlawful.’” Id. at 553–54 (quoting Brooke Grp. Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson

Tobacco Corp., 509 U.S. 209, 227 (1993)) (alterations in original). If a plaintiff

fails to provide something more—to “nudge[] [his or her] claim[] across the line

from conceivable to plausible”—a complaint which alleges conscious parallelism

“must be dismissed.” Id. at 570.

In the Ninth Circuit we have described the allegations required for this

“nudge” as “plus factors,” or “‘some further factual enhancement,’ a ‘further

circumstance pointing toward a meeting of the minds’ of the alleged conspirators.”

In re Musical Instruments, 798 F.3d at 1193 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557,

560, 570). These “plus factors” are often “economic actions and outcomes that are 4 17-15468 largely inconsistent with unilateral conduct but largely consistent with explicitly

coordinated action,” id. at 1194.

In re Musical Instruments is instructive. There, we rejected the proposed

“plus factors” as insufficient to survive a motion to dismiss because the stated

factors were simply activities one would expect in an interdependent market,

where “firms may engage in consciously parallel conduct through observation of

their competitors’ decisions even absent an agreement.” Id. at 1194-97.

So too here. Each of Plaintiffs’ proposed plus factors is a restatement of the

conscious parallelism endemic to an oligopoly. Under In re Musical Instruments,

allegations of a “common motive” are insufficient to state a claim because

“alleging ‘common motive to conspire’ simply restates that a market is

interdependent.” 798 F.3d at 1195. The same analysis applies to allegations the

airlines acted against self-interest. While a company acting against self-interest

can sometimes be a plus-factor, in an interdependent oligopoly it may be in a

company’s interest to raise prices in the hope that its competitors play “follow the

leader.” In re Musical Instruments, 798 F.3d at 1195. In this way, conscious

parallelism also explains the Airline Defendants’ decision to change their rules in

such a way as to increase prices notwithstanding “steeply falling costs.” FAC ¶¶

45–48; In re Musical Instruments, 798 F.3d at 1197.

As for the mechanics of the change itself, Plaintiffs argue the simultaneity of

5 17-15468 the decisions is evidence of an agreement. But again, In re Musical Instruments

holds that simultaneity “does not reveal anything more than similar reaction to

similar pressures within an interdependent market, or conscious parallelism.” 798

F.3d at 1196. Similarly, while “complex and historically unprecedented changes in

pricing structure made at the very same time by multiple competitors” might

suggest collusion, Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556 n.4, such complexity is absent here.

Perhaps hardcoding the airlines’ new rule changes into ATPCO’s reservation and

information systems may have been complex, but that is a question of

implementation not determination. The airlines’ decisions to eliminate sum-of-

sector pricing are not so complex as to suggest an agreement.

Finally, Plaintiffs allege that the Airline Defendants used ATPCO as a

“coordination facilitating device.” FAC at 26. ATPCO—while not technically a

trade association—plays a similar role in the marketplace. As the FAC describes,

ATPCO provides a “clearinghouse” for pricing information, much like a trade

organization. See In re Musical Instruments, 798 F.3d at 1196; FAC at 2; see also

FAC ¶¶ 34-36. After that information has been made available to the public,

ATPCO then publishes each airline’s fares and rules to the other airline members

of ATPCO, and those airlines use this information “for internal management

purposes, including [deciding] whether or not to respond to the competitive actions

of other airlines.”

6 17-15468 We have long been skeptical that participation in a trade organization is

suggestive of collusion, see, e.g., In re Citric Acid Litig., 191 F.3d 1090, 1098 (9th

Cir. 1999), and that skepticism has only hardened since Twombly and its progeny.

In re Musical Instruments, 798 F.3d at 1196. And while it may be possible for

participation in an ATPCO-like organization to suggest collusion, see, e.g., B&R

Supermarket, Inc. v. Visa, Inc., No. C 16-01150, 2016 WL 5725010, at *8 (N.D.

Cal. Sept. 30, 2016) (unreported)4, the FAC here contains no factual allegations

sufficient under Twombly to suggest that ATPCO coordinated collusive behavior.

Plaintiffs’ final volley is that all of these potential plus factors, viewed under

a totality-of-the-circumstances test, In re Musical Instruments, 798 F.3d at 1198,

are sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss. But even viewed collectively,

Plaintiffs’ plus factors suggest only conscious parallelism in an interdependent

oligopoly. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s decision to grant the

motion to dismiss.

B. The Motion under Rule 62.1

After filing a notice of appeal, Plaintiffs discovered “new” evidence that

ATPCO hosted an online meeting on March 30, 2016 that Plaintiffs claim

addressed the issues raised in this lawsuit. Following this discovery, Plaintiffs

4 While we are generally hesitant to cite unreported district court orders, we note B&R Supermarkets because of the extent to which Plaintiffs relied on that case on appeal.

7 17-15468 filed a motion in district court pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 62.1 asking that court to

issue an indicative ruling under Rule 62.1(a)(3) that it would entertain Plaintiffs’

motion for relief from judgment on the basis of newly discovered evidence. The

district court denied that motion, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 62.1(a)(2), holding that relief

would be futile because this evidence, “if alleged in a Second Amended

Complaint, would [not] be sufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss.” Reviewing

this denial for an abuse of discretion, we AFFIRM.

First, in order to be relieved from the district court’s judgment, Plaintiffs

would have to establish that evidence of this online meeting could not have been

discovered earlier with “reasonable diligence.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(2). This is

doubtful given that Plaintiffs admit they found this evidence by “typ[ing] in a

phrase from an attachment to Plaintiffs’ FAC in an internet search[,]” and that “the

document can be found by internet search engine[.]”

In any event, the online meeting, described in the agenda submitted by

Plaintiffs as the “Second Quarter 2016 [Data Application] Working Group

Meeting,” occurred in response to a business request submitted in 2015 by non-

Defendant ATPCO member Aegean Airlines. That agenda further outlines that the

online meeting’s goal was in part to “[r]evise ATPCO’s User Interface . . . to make

it easier for airlines to quickly and accurately specify and maintain Combination

restrictions for their carrier fares.” Id.

8 17-15468 In this light the online meeting does nothing to make a conspiracy more

plausible. Instead, it suggests that the airlines independently decided to disallow

sum-of-sector pricing—which was clearly an issue in the industry as early as

2015—and thereafter worked with ATPCO to apply and implement the airlines’

decisions while still leaving discretion to the individual airlines to develop or

revise their rules for sum-of-sector pricing.

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s decision to deny the Rule 62.1

motion for an indicative ruling.

III. CONCLUSION

The district court’s rulings are AFFIRMED in full.

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