facts, the constraints of AEDPA do not apply to this court’s review. See Barker v.

Fleming, 423 F.3d 1085, 1095 (9th Cir. 2005). Rather, this court reviews the claim

de novo to determine whether the petitioner is entitled to habeas relief because he

“is in custody in violation of the Constitution.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a); see Barker,

423 F.3d at 1095.

II

Here, however, we need not decide whether the decision of the Washington

state court was contrary to clearly established federal law or an unreasonable

determination of the facts. Assuming that we are not bound by the constraints of

2 AEDPA, we nonetheless must conclude on de novo review that the district court’s

denial of the habeas petition was proper because Njonge failed to establish a

constitutional violation.

The Sixth Amendment public trial right does not attach to the proceedings of

one morning session of voir dire where the court addressed only personal hardship

and scheduling commitments of prospective jurors. See United States v. Ivester,

316 F.3d 955, 958–59 (9th Cir. 2003). “[T]he right to a public trial does not

extend to every moment of trial.” Id. at 959; see United States v. Rivera, 682 F.3d

1223, 1229 (9th Cir. 2012). Rather, there are some closures that are “too trivial to

implicate the Sixth Amendment guarantee.” Ivester, 316 F.3d at 960. This

includes closures of “routine jury administrative matters that have no bearing on

[the defendant’s] ultimate guilt or innocence” because such closures do not

implicate the values served by the public trial right. Id. The proceedings at issue

here are such “routine jury administrative matters.” We are not persuaded that one

prospective juror’s unprompted mention of personal concerns with the trial during

such session requires a conclusion otherwise where the trial judge did not address

such concerns during the closed session, but did so at length during the open

afternoon session before excusing such juror with the agreement of both parties.

Because the alleged closure does not implicate Njonge’s public trial right

and Njonge raises no other constitutional violations on appeal, his petition for a

3 writ of habeas corpus was properly denied.

AFFIRMED.

4

FILED

Njonge v. Gilbert, 18-35396

JUL 24 2019

Kleinfeld, Senior Circuit Judge, dissenting MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

I respectfully dissent.

The trial judge excluded the public, including the defendant’s family and

supporters, from the first morning of voir dire. She had a practical reason for

doing so—the venire filled the courtroom so there was no room for the public. But

the exclusion was clearly contrary to holdings of the United States Supreme Court.

The Court has held that the First Amendment and the Sixth Amendment establish

constitutional rights of the public and the defendant to public trial, including voir

dire. We held in United States v. Ivester that “trivial” exclusions do not amount to

violations of these rights,1 but we held in United States v. Rivera that the exclusion

there was not “trivial.”2 The exclusion in this case was too long and substantial,

and the voir dire too eventful, to be deemed “trivial.” Our decision in Ivester

cannot, consistently with Supreme Court holdings, and with our own holding in

Rivera, be extended to the exclusion in this case.

We characterized the closure in Ivester as “administrative” and “very brief in

1 316 F.3d 955, 960 (9th Cir. 2003). 2 682 F.3d 1223, 1232 (9th Cir. 2012). duration,” citing Peterson v. Williams3 for the proposition that a “closure of twenty

minutes was too trivial.”4 By contrast, we held in Rivera that exclusion of family

members from a thirty-five minute sentencing was not “trivial,” because the

presence of the public, especially of family and friends, “reminds the participants,

especially the judge, that the consequences of their actions extend to the broader

community.”5

To be permissible at all, our “trivial” exception to the constitutional right to

public trial must be carefully and narrowly confined. As the Court noted in In re

Oliver, the constitutional right to “public” trial has ancient roots in our common

law heritage, on account of the excesses of the Court of Star Chamber, the Spanish

inquisition, and the French lettre de cachet.6 Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior

Court7 and Presley v. Georgia,8 hold that the right to public trial applies to voir

3 85 F.3d 39, 43 (2d Cir. 1996). 4 Ivester, 316 F.3d at 960. 5 682 F.3d at 1230, 1232. 6 333 U.S. 257, 266-69 (1948). 7 464 U.S. 501, 510 (1984). 8 558 U.S. 209, 213 (2010) (per curiam).

Page 2 of 5 dire. Presley also holds that the trial court cannot excuse the public without

considering reasonable alternatives and making sufficient findings supporting

closure. The Supreme Court went so far as to provide practical advice in Presley

for addressing the common circumstance of insufficient room in the courtroom for

venire and spectators: “reserving one or more rows for the public; dividing the jury

venire panel to reduce courtroom congestion; or instructing prospective jurors not

to engage or interact with audience members.”9

The trial judge in the case before us did not provide any reason for excluding

the public from the first morning of voir dire beyond shortage of space in the

courtroom. She did not explain, nor so far as the record indicates, consider,

reserving a row or two for the public or dividing the venire so that space could be

left for the public, with an admonition to jurors not to interact with the spectators.

During the morning of the voir dire at which the public, including Njonge’s

family and friends, were excluded, quite a few jurors—the judge said that she had

“never quite [had] this many hardships for [such a] medium length case”—gave

reasons why they should be excused. Of course, the granting and denial of excuses

9 558 U.S. at 215.

Page 3 of 5 can easily be seen by suspicious defendants and their families as a means of

biasing a jury. Njonge says in his affidavit that he wanted his family and friends

there to show the jurors that he had community support.

Like many voir dires, this one also had a surprise. Asked about general

hardship, juror no. 7 said: “It is personal for me. It goes deeper than just work. I

lived in Indonesia for a couple of years and that society in dealing with persecution

and the suppression of women and this whole situation, this whole case is going to

be very disturbing for me.”

A juror saying something that might bias the whole panel when the judge

elicits their reasons for wanting to be excused is a common phenomenon. Just

because the judge and the lawyers expect a “trivial” recitation of “routine jury

administrative matters” does not mean they will get that. What they got instead,

not very surprisingly, was an expression that might be taken to invite jury

prejudice against the Kenyan defendant.

Trial lawyers know that they cannot count on much that occurs before the

jurors to be “trivial” and without potential effect on the outcome, and the

Page 4 of 5 credibility afforded to remarks by fellow jurors can give such comments outsized

importance. Njonge’s wish to show the jury by their presence that his family and

community supported him might have been a good strategy or a bad one—but it

was his decision. And juror no. 7’s remark was not necessarily trivial. “First

impressions are made” during jury selection and a “juror’s feelings about drugs,

aliens, mules, guns, or gangs, are all volatile issues” requiring inquiry.10 The

prospective juror’s remark about “persecution and the suppression of women and

this whole situation” might (or might not) poison the jury. The portion of voir dire

during which it occurred cannot be characterized as so “trivial” that the right to

public trial did not attach, even though the court might have expected the entire

morning to be of no significance to conviction or acquittal. That was a gamble the

trial court lost.

For these reasons, I am unable to join the majority disposition.

10 Federal Defenders of San Diego, Inc., Defending a Federal Criminal Case § 8.00, at 8-311, 8-317 (1992).

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