facts most favorable to Appellees. Rodriguez v. Cty. of L.A., 891 F.3d 776, 791

(9th Cir. 2018). We review de novo the district court’s summary judgment ruling

on the grounds of qualified immunity. Rosenbaum v. Washoe Cty., 663 F.3d 1071,

1075 (9th Cir. 2011). We also review de novo whether a plaintiff’s rights were

clearly established at the time of the alleged violation. Boyd v. Benton Cty., 374

F.3d 773, 778 (9th Cir. 2004). We affirm.

Under the Fourth Amendment, law enforcement officers may use only such

force as is objectively reasonable under the totality of the circumstances. Graham

v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 397 (1989). We evaluate the objective reasonableness of

the force used by considering (1) “the severity of the crime at issue,” (2) “whether

the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others,” and

(3) “whether he is actively resisting or attempting to evade arrest by flight.” Id. at

396. Construing the evidence in Appellees’ favor, a reasonable jury could

conclude that the combined force used by the officers against Mr. Martinez was

unreasonable.

Appellants contend that the district court erred because it did not determine

that a jury could find each of the officer’s actions, independently, rose to the level

2 19-15550 of a constitutional violation. But the integral participant rule “extends liability to

those actors who were integral participants in the constitutional violation, even if

they did not directly engage in the unconstitutional conduct themselves.” Hopkins

v. Bonvicino, 573 F.3d 752, 770 (9th Cir. 2009). In evaluating whether each

officer violated Mr. Martinez’s Fourth Amendment rights, the officer’s actions

should not be viewed in a vacuum. Here, viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to Appellees, the district court determined that “[a]ll the officers named

in this suit were actively involved in the struggle to restrain Martinez” and that

“each of the named officers struck, tased, or otherwise attempted to restrain

Martinez during the confrontation.” The facts thus support the conclusion that each

officer had “some fundamental involvement in the conduct that allegedly caused

the violation.” Blankenhorn v. City of Orange, 485 F.3d 463, 481 n.12 (9th Cir.

2007).

Construing the facts in Appellees’ favor, clearly established law put each

officer on notice that his actions made him an integral participant in the use of

excessive force against Mr. Martinez. See Tuuamalemalo v. Greene, 946 F.3d 471,

477 (9th Cir. 2019) (“it was clearly established [before January 25, 2014] that the

use of a chokehold on a non-resisting, restrained person violates the Fourth

Amendment’s prohibition on the use of excessive force”); Blankenhorn, 485 F.3d

at 481 n.12 (denying qualified immunity to officer helping to handcuff the plaintiff

3 19-15550 because the handcuffing, although not excessively forceful in itself, “was

instrumental in the officers’ gaining control of [him], which culminated in”

excessive force); Drummond v. City of Anaheim, 343 F.3d 1052, 1059 (9th Cir.

2003) (“squeezing the breath from a compliant, prone, and handcuffed individual

despite his pleas for air involves a degree of force that is greater than reasonable”).

AFFIRMED.

4 19-15550