NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 15 2020

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 19-30262

Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 4:17-cr-06035-SMJ-1 v.

RYAN WADE ALEXANDER, MEMORANDUM*

Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington Salvador Mendoza, Jr., District Judge, Presiding

Submitted December 11, 2020** Seattle, Washington

Before: BERZON and MILLER, Circuit Judges, and GLEASON,*** District Judge.

Ryan Wade Alexander appeals from the district court’s denial of his motion

to withdraw his guilty plea. On April 12, 2018, Alexander pleaded guilty to three

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Sharon L. Gleason, United States District Judge for the District of Alaska, sitting by designation. child-pornography offenses. Thereafter, Alexander claimed that his guilty plea was

involuntary because he suffered from pain caused by kidney stones that were not

adequately treated while he was in local custody, and that he pleaded guilty only to

obtain adequate medical care at a federal facility. The district court denied

Alexander’s motion to withdraw his plea and sentenced him to 25 years of

imprisonment and a lifetime of supervised release. We have jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1291. We dismiss the appeal as barred by the appellate waiver contained

in Alexander’s plea agreement.

“As a general rule, [a] waiver of appellate rights is enforceable if (1) the

language of the waiver encompasses [the] right to appeal on the grounds raised,

and (2) the waiver is knowingly and voluntarily made.” United States v. Lo, 839

F.3d 777, 783 (9th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted). Rule 11(b)(1)(N)

requires the trial judge to personally address the defendant regarding “the terms of

any plea-agreement provision waiving the right to appeal or to collaterally attack

the sentence.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(N). “[I]f the plea agreement ‘is voluntary,

and taken in compliance with Rule 11, then the waiver of appeal must be honored’

. . . .” Lo, 839 F.3d at 784 (quoting United States v. Portillo-Cano, 192 F.3d 1246,

1250 (9th Cir. 1999)). Thus, we must consider the voluntariness of Alexander’s

guilty plea to determine whether the plea’s appellate waiver bars this appeal.

We review the voluntariness of a guilty plea de novo and the “findings of

2 historical or subsidiary facts underlying the [district] court’s conclusion of

voluntariness” for clear error. United States v. Signori, 844 F.2d 635, 638 (9th Cir.

1988). “A plea is voluntary if it ‘represents a voluntary and intelligent choice

among the alternative courses of action open to the defendant.’” United States v.

Kaczynski, 239 F.3d 1108, 1114 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting North Carolina v. Alford,

400 U.S. 25, 31 (1970)). By contrast, “[a] guilty plea, if induced by promises or

threats which deprive it of the character of a voluntary act, is void.” United States

v. Seng Chen Yong, 926 F.3d 582, 590–91 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting Machibroda v.

United States, 368 U.S. 487, 493 (1962)).

The parties agree that nothing in the Rule 11 colloquy itself calls into

question the voluntariness of the guilty plea. Alexander testified that no one was

“forcing [him] to plead guilty”; that he was “making th[e] plea freely and

voluntarily”; that the decision to plead guilty was his and “not [his] attorney’s

decision or the Government’s”; and that his prescription medications did not

“affect[] [his] ability to understand the proceedings.” Alexander also described the

factual basis for the plea in his own words and confirmed that he understood he

was “waiving [his] right to appeal if the [district court] impose[d] a sentence of not

more than 25 years.” At no time did Alexander state that he was in too much pain

to proceed or that he was pleading guilty to obtain medical care.

A defendant’s statements made during the plea colloquy are entitled to

3 “great weight.” Chizen v. Hunter, 809 F.2d 560, 562 (9th Cir. 1986); see United

States v. Jimenez-Dominguez, 296 F.3d 863, 869 (9th Cir. 2002). The district court

did not clearly err when, following an evidentiary hearing, it declined to credit

Alexander’s subsequent contrary testimony that pain prevented him from

voluntarily pleading guilty and that he pleaded guilty “only . . . so [he] could get

medical treatment” and “thought . . . that there would be some way for [him] to go

back and . . . change th[e] plea agreement.”

To be sure, the record demonstrates that Alexander suffered from severe

kidney stones and at times experienced severe pain as a result. But Alexander’s

testimony during the plea colloquy directly contradicts his current assertion that his

plea was effectively coerced. He admitted at the evidentiary hearing that he did not

raise his concerns during the plea colloquy and that several days earlier, on April 5,

2018, he had freely and voluntarily signed the written plea agreement, which

contained an appellate waiver. Neither the district court nor Alexander’s former

attorney perceived him to be in noticeable pain at the change-of-plea hearing.

Alexander’s former attorney further testified that while he told Alexander

that “his medical care would be better once he got to a [federal] Bureau of Prisons

facility,” he never advised Alexander that receiving adequate medical care was

contingent on pleading guilty. To the contrary, shortly after pleading guilty, while

still in local custody, Alexander sought the district court’s assistance in obtaining

4 medical care to address his kidney stones, and he underwent successful surgery.

In sum, the district court was entitled to credit Alexander’s testimony during

the Rule 11 colloquy and the testimony of Alexander’s former attorney over

Alexander’s contrary testimony at the evidentiary hearing. See United States v.

Nostratis, 321 F.3d 1206, 1210 (9th Cir. 2003); United States v. Snider, 976 F.2d

1249, 1251 (9th Cir. 1992). After reviewing the record de novo—and finding no

clear error in the district court’s credibility assessment—we conclude that

Alexander’s guilty plea, including the appellate waiver, was knowing and

voluntary.

The terms of the waiver preclude Alexander from appealing his conviction

and sentence. This encompasses Alexander’s claim that the district court abused its

discretion in denying his motion to withdraw his guilty plea. See United States v.

Rahman, 642 F.3d 1257, 1259 (9th Cir. 2011); United States v. Jeronimo, 398 F.

3d 1149, 1154 (9th Cir. 2005), overruled on other grounds by United States v.

Jacobo Castillo, 496 F.3d 947, 957 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc).

DISMISSED.

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