I.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In 2003, Lozano and her family moved into Hovley Gardens, a Palm Desert

apartment complex owned by PD Hovley Limited Partnership (PD Hovley) and Palm

Communities. In 2010, Lozano complained to AWI that her neighbor Juan Carlos Alcala

had acted bizarrely and threatened to “do something” if Lozano’s family was not quiet.

Lozano did not report that Alcala had threatened her and her family with a gun. Indeed,

Lozano had no knowledge that Alcala owned a firearm. On January 1, 2011, AWI ceased

managing Hovley Gardens and those duties were assumed by ConAm Management

Corporation (ConAm). Three months later, Alcala shot Lozano, her son, and her

granddaughter after an argument. Tragically, Lozano’s son and granddaughter died.

(Lozano v. AWI Management Corp. (Apr. 6, 2016, E060992) [nonpub. opn.] (Lozano I,

supra, E060992), review denied June 29, 2016, S234586.)1

Lozano sued Palm Communities, PD Hovley, AWI, and ConAm, and alleged

causes of action for general negligence, premises liability, and wrongful death based on

the defendants’ failure to take appropriate action or to evict Alcala when his threats and

harassing conduct were brought to their attention.2 AWI successfully moved for

summary judgment on the grounds it was not responsible for conduct that occurred

1 The requests for judicial notice filed October 25, 2019 and April 17, 2020, by respondents Palm Communities, PD Hovley, and ConAm, and the request for judicial notice filed October 29, 2019, by respondent AWI are hereby granted. (Evid. Code, §§ 452, 459.)

2 Lozano also sued Alcala for intentional tort. (Lozano I, supra, E060992.)

3 months after it ceased managing the property, and it had no duty to protect Lozano and

her family from the unforeseeable tragedy because Lozano’s vague complaints never

indicated Alcala had threatened to use a firearm. In an opinion that is now final, this

court affirmed the judgment. (Lozano I, supra, E060992.)

Acting as her own attorney, Lozano filed the current lawsuit against the same

defendants in February 2019, alleging causes of action for negligence and wrongful

death. She once more alleged defendants failed to take appropriate action to protect her

and her family’s safety, despite being informed of Alcala’s conduct. PD Hovley,

ConAm, and Palm Communities demurred to the complaint and argued Lozano’s lawsuit

was barred under the doctrine of res judicata (claim preclusion) because the same claims

were litigated to finality against the same defendants. AWI also demurred and argued

Lozano’s lawsuit was barred by the doctrine of claim preclusion.

After hearing PD Hovley, ConAm, and Palm Communities’ demurrer on May 14,

2019, the trial court ruled Lozano’s lawsuit was barred by res judicata and sustained the

demurrer without leave to amend. When it heard AWI’s demurrer on May 29, 2019, the

trial court made the same ruling and sustained the demurrer without leave to amend. The

court entered a judgment of dismissal for AWI on June 12, 2019, and AWI served

Lozano on July 3, 2019, with a notice of entry of judgment. The court entered a

judgment of dismissal for PD Hovely, ConAm, and Palm Communities on June 24, 2019,

and they served Lozano with a notice of entry of judgment on July 16, 2019.

Lozano filed a form notice of appeal in the superior court on July 19, 2019.

4

II.

DISCUSSION

A. Appealability.

The Court of Appeal has jurisdiction, or power, to decide an appeal only when the

judgment or order of the superior court being challenged is made appealable by statute

and the appellant timely files a notice of appeal or its legal equivalent. (In re J.F. (2019)

39 Cal.App.5th 70, 74-75.) Because appellate jurisdiction is a fundamental prerequisite,

a reviewing court has a duty to address any doubts about its jurisdiction, whether

addressed by the parties or not. (Olson v. Cory (1983) 35 Cal.3d 390, 398 [“[S]ince the

question of appealability goes to our jurisdiction, we are dutybound to consider it on our

own motion.”].)

To appeal from a judgment or appealable order, an appellant must serve and file a

notice of appeal in the superior court. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.100(a)(1).) “The

notice is sufficient if it identifies the particular judgment or order being appealed.” (Id.,

at rule 8.100(a)(2).) “The notice must describe the judgment or order in such a manner as

to make its identification reasonably certain. This part of the notice calls for some care in

drafting.” (9 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (5th ed. 2008) Appeal, § 561, p. 640.)

Using optional Judicial Council form APP-002, Lozano filed and served a notice

of appeal in the superior court on July 19, 2019.3 Without question, the judgments of

dismissal entered for defendants on June 12 and 24, 2019, were appealable as final

3 Lozano mistakenly checked the box for a “Cross-Appeal.”

5 judgments. (Code Civ. Proc., §§ 581d, 904.1, subd. (a)(1).) In addition, there is no

question Lozano’s notice of appeal was timely as to both because she filed it within

60 days of being served with notice of their entry. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.104(a).)

However, the notice of appeal is facially deficient in that it fails to identify what

“particular judgment” she appeals from.4 (Id., rule 8.100(a)(2).) Lozano checked the box

to indicate she was appealing from a “Judgment of dismissal after an order sustaining a

demurrer.” If there was only one judgment in this case, there would be no question

Lozano intended to appeal from the sole judgment. But there were two judgments in this

case, one for AWI and one for the remaining defendants, entered on separate days. Yet

Lozano left blank the space provided for the date or dates of the judgment or judgments

she intended to appeal. And although she served the notice on both sets of defendants, as

mandated by rule (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.25(a)(1)), the notice is at least ambiguous

4 In its brief and during oral argument, AWI argued Lozano’s notice of appeal is inadequate at least with respect to the judgment entered in its favor. Lozano did not address the adequacy of the notice in her reply brief. We believe AWI places too much weight on the fact Lozano only named Palm Communities in the caption to her notice. The caption to Judicial Council form APP-002 requires the appellant to indicate the name of the “Plaintiff/Petitioner” and “Defendant/Respondent,” i.e., the parties’ designations in the superior court. Space permitting, the caption to the notice of appeal should mirror the caption to the complaint. (See Code Civ. Proc., §§ 422.30, subd. (a)(2), 422.40.) By itself, Lozano’s failure to list AWI in the caption does not indicate she intended to appeal from the judgment in favor of Palm Communities and not from the judgment for AWI.

6 as to whether Lozano intended to appeal from only one of the judgments or from both.5

Nonetheless, we are generally required to liberally construe a notice of appeal in

favor of its sufficiency. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.100(a)(2).) “A notice of appeal shall

be ‘“liberally construed so as to protect the right of appeal if it is reasonably clear what

[the] appellant was trying to appeal from, and where the respondent could not possibly

have been misled or prejudiced.”’ (In re Joshua S. (2007) 41 Cal.4th 261, 272 . . . ,

quoting Luz v. Lopes (1960) 55 Cal.2d 54, 59 . . . .)” (In re J.F., supra, 39 Cal.App.5th at

pp. 75-76.) “The rule is intended to ‘implement the strong public policy favoring the

hearing of appeals on the merits.’” (K.J. v. Los Angeles Unified School Dist. (2020)

8 Cal.5th 875, 882, quoting Norco Delivery Service, Inc. v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas,

Inc. (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 955, 960.) “This policy is especially vital where the faulty

notice of appeal engenders no prejudice and causes no confusion concerning the scope of

the appeal.” (Norco Delivery Service, Inc., at pp. 960-961.)

5 On November 12, 2020, after this court issued its tentative decision, Lozano filed a “Motion to Correct Documents.” The motion, which this court will treat as an application for leave to file an amended notice of appeal, seeks to amend Lozano’s notice of appeal to indicate she intended to appeal from the June 12 and 24, 2019 judgments. The court has reviewed the motion, and the oppositions to the motion filed November 20 and 24, 2020. Because the normal time to appeal from those judgments has long since passed, Lozano may file an amended notice of appeal only if it “relate[s] back” to a “legally sufficient” notice of appeal that was filed within the deadline. (Shiver, McGrane & Martin v. Littell (1990) 217 Cal.App.3d 1041, 1046-1047 (Shiver); see Beltram v. Appellate Department (1977) 66 Cal.App.3d 711, 715-716.) Because we will liberally construe Lozano’s notice of appeal to include both judgments, her application is denied as moot.

7 The rule of liberal construction has its limits. For example, a notice of appeal will

not be construed to encompass an omitted judgment or order when the appellant clearly

and unmistakably intended to appeal solely from the judgment or order expressly

identified in the notice. (In re J.F., supra, 39 Cal.App.5th at p. 76-79 [declining to

liberally construe notice of appeal to encompass order entered 44 days before the order

identified in the notice, where appellant expressed clear intent to appeal solely from later

order].) However, when a trial court simultaneously issues two separately appealable

orders on the same day, the notice will be liberally construed to apply to both—the one

expressly identified in the notice and the omitted one—if it is reasonably clear the

appellant intended to challenge both. (See, e.g., Barriga v. 99 Cents Only Stores LLC

(2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 299, 321; In re Daniel Z. (1992) 10 Cal.App.4th 1009, 1017.)

Here, it is reasonably clear Lozano intended to appeal from both judgments. She

checked the box on her notice of appeal for a judgment dismissing an action following an

order sustaining a demurrer without leave to amend. Both judgments fit that description.

And, although the judgments were issued 12 days apart, Lozano filed her notice of appeal

within the time to appeal from both judgments. Clearly, by filing the notice of appeal,

Lozano unequivocally expressed her intent to appeal from the dismissal of her lawsuit,

and we find nothing that would logically and conclusively indicate she intended to appeal

only from one of the judgments. (See, ante, fn. 4.)

8 Nor do we ascertain any prejudice from Lozano’s failure to identify with

particularity the judgments in her notice of appeal. In deciding whether a respondent has

been prejudiced by an ambiguity in the notice, such that the rule of liberal construction

should or should not be applied, reviewing courts may look to the appellant’s designation

of record.6 (See D’Avola v. Anderson (1996) 47 Cal.App.4th 358, 362.) Lozano

designated the transcripts of oral proceedings for the hearings on both demurrers which,

by itself, would be enough to place both sets of defendants on notice that she intended to

appeal both judgments. True, in the section for documents to be included in the clerk’s

transcript, Lozano left blank the spaces for the date or dates of the judgments and notices

of entry of judgment. However, given the fact no defendant moved to dismiss the appeal

for lack of appellate jurisdiction, and the main briefs on appeal filed by both sets of

defendants fully addressed the merits of their appeal, we find no appreciable prejudice.

In sum, we liberally construe Lozano’s notice of appeal as timely challenging the

June 12 and 24, 2019 judgments.

6 As AWI suggests in its brief, to the extent we look beyond the notice of appeal, we should only consider documents filed in the superior court when determining whether Lozano’s notice of appeal is adequate or whether to liberally construe it. (Cf. Bosetti v. United States Life Ins. Co. in City of New York (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 1208, 1224 [because notice of appeal must be filed in superior court, reviewing court declined to treat case information sheet filed in Court of Appeal as a notice of appeal].)

9 B. Lozano’s Complaint is Barred Under the Doctrine of Claim Preclusion.

As noted, the trial court agreed with defendants that Lozano’s lawsuit is barred

under the doctrine of claim preclusion, sustained their demurrers without leave to amend,

and dismissed Lozano’s complaint. We find no error.

“‘In reviewing an order sustaining a demurrer, we examine the operative

complaint de novo to determine whether it alleges facts sufficient to state a cause of

action under any legal theory.’ [Citation.] If the demurrer was sustained without leave to

amend, we consider whether there is a ‘reasonable possibility’ that the defect in the

complaint could be cured by amendment. [Citation.] The burden is on [the] plaintiff[] to

prove that amendment could cure the defect.” (King v. CompPartners, Inc. (2018)

5 Cal.5th 1039, 1050.)

The term “‘res judicata’” is often used “as an umbrella term encompassing both

claim preclusion and issue preclusion, which [is] described as two separate ‘aspects’ of

an overarching doctrine. [Citations.] Claim preclusion, the ‘“‘primary aspect’”’ of res

judicata, acts to bar claims that were, or should have been, advanced in a previous suit

involving the same parties. [Citation.] Issue preclusion, the ‘“‘secondary aspect’”’

historically called collateral estoppel, describes the bar on relitigating issues that were

argued and decided in the first suit.” (DKN Holdings LLC v. Faerber (2015) 61 Cal.4th

813, 824.) “‘“The prerequisite elements for applying the doctrine to either an entire

cause of action or one or more issues are the same: (1) A claim or issue raised in the

present action is identical to a claim or issue litigated in a prior proceeding; (2) the prior

proceeding resulted in a final judgment on the merits; and (3) the party against whom the

10 doctrine is being asserted was a party or in privity with a party to the prior proceeding.”’”

(Boeken v. Philip Morris USA, Inc. (2010) 48 Cal.4th 788, 797.)

There can be no serious dispute that Lozano’s complaint in this case addresses the

identical claims against the same defendants as her complaint in the first lawsuit. In

nearly identical language, both complaints alleged defendants failed to take remedial

action after Lozano informed them of Alcala’s threats and sought damages under general

negligence and wrongful death theories. Lozano was represented by counsel in the

superior court and in the Court of Appeal in the first lawsuit. Her claims were

adjudicated in the first lawsuit, and the summary judgment was affirmed on appeal by

this court and it is long since final. (See Lozano I, supra, E060992.) “A judgment

entered upon a motion for summary judgment is a determination that there is no factual

dispute and one party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. (Code Civ. Proc.,

§ 437c.) Such a judgment is as final and conclusive a determination of the merits as a

judgment after trial.” (Stuart v. Lilves (1989) 210 Cal.App.3d 1215, 1219.)

Nor can there be any serious dispute it is not reasonably probable Lozano will be

able to amend her complaint to state a claim against defendants that arises from the same

tragic facts but will not likewise be barred by claim or issue preclusion. Therefore, we

must conclude the trial court correctly sustained the demurrers to Lozano’s complaint

without leave to amend.

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III.

DISPOSITION

The judgments are affirmed. In the interest of justice, the parties shall bear their

own costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(5).)

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

McKINSTER Acting P. J. We concur:

FIELDS

J.

RAPHAEL

J.

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