I.

INTRODUCTION

1 During a fight between Fred Romero and plaintiff and appellant, Nicholas

Montgomery, at The Whiskey Barrel Hesperia, LLC (Whiskey Barrel), Romero gouged

out Montgomery’s left eye. Montgomery sued the owner of Whiskey Barrel for

negligence and damages. The jury entered a verdict finding Whiskey Barrel 10 percent

liable for negligence because Whiskey Barrel’s security guards did not eject Romero

from the premises after an initial altercation, which occurred shortly before the fight

leading to Montgomery losing his eye. Because the jury found Montgomery sustained

zero noneconomic damages, the trial court granted Montgomery’s motion for a new trial,

subject to an additur awarding Montgomery $1,000,000 in past and future noneconomic

damages. Whiskey Barrel accepted the additur. Montgomery appeals the judgment.

Montgomery contends the trial court erred in issuing an additur because there were

inadequate damages and the evidence of liability was in sharp conflict. Montgomery

argues that, under such circumstances, the trial court was required to grant a new trial as

to all issues. Montgomery further contends the trial court erred under Code of Civil 2 Procedure section 657 by not specifying what evidence it relied upon in issuing the

additur. We need not address whether the trial court’s order complied with the section

1 Romero is not a party to this appeal. 2 Unless otherwise noted, all statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.

2 657 specificity requirements because we conclude the judgment must be reversed on the

ground the additur was improper. The sharply conflicting evidence of liability and

inadequate damages suggest a compromise verdict, requiring a new trial as to all issues.

The order granting the motion for new trial with additur, the acceptance of the additur,

and the amended judgment filed on September 13, 2018, are thus reversed and the matter

is remanded for a new trial on all issues.

II.

FACTS

During the evening of Saint Patrick’s Day, March 17, 2015, Montgomery, who

was 25 years old, went to the Tilted Kilt and had a few beers with his friends. Later, at

10:30 p.m., they joined Miranda Mobley at Whiskey Barrel. A security guard was

stationed at the door, checking identification and using a wand to detect weapons. After

entering Whiskey Barrel, Montgomery had a couple of beers.

Montgomery testified that, as he and his friends sat at a table at Whiskey Barrel,

Fred Romero walked by several times and pulled Mobley’s ponytail. Although

Montgomery thought Romero’s conduct was inappropriate and embarrassed Mobley,

Montgomery did not notify the Whiskey Barrel manager or security guards.

Later that evening, after Montgomery returned from the restroom, he found

Romero seated at Montgomery’s table, drinking beer Montgomery had purchased for his

friends. Montgomery testified that he and Romero argued, and then Romero threw beer

at Montgomery. In response, Montgomery pushed Romero, which knocked a glass of

3 beer off the table, onto the floor, shattering the glass. Eric Hughes, a Whiskey Barrel

security guard, approached and asked what was going on. Montgomery did not respond.

Romero walked away, over to the bar. Immediately after the incident, Whiskey Barrel

staff began cleaning up.

Because of the mess on the table and glass on the floor, Hughes moved

Montgomery and his friends to another nearby table. After Hughes left the area, a friend

of Romero’s approached Montgomery and apologized for the incident involving Romero.

Romero’s friend told Montgomery that Mobley and Romero used to date but were now

just friends, and that was what they did as friends. Montgomery replied he was very

sorry about the incident and felt he had overreacted. Montgomery added that he was

unaware of Mobley and Romero’s prior relationship. Romero’s friend and Montgomery

shook hands. Montgomery thought the incident was over.

Montgomery testified that about two minutes later, Romero approached him from

behind and struck him in the face with the back of his hand while holding a beer in his

other hand. Montgomery reacted by running towards Romero and attacking him, because

Romero had just hit him. During the fight between Romero and Montgomery, Romero

gouged out Montgomery’s left eye. Montgomery testified it felt like he had a dagger in

his eye. According to the surveillance video of the incident shown to the jury, Hughes

immediately responded within two seconds of the altercation.

4 Mobley testified she did not recall Romero pulling her ponytail, Montgomery

pushing Romero, or Romero striking Montgomery from behind. She recalled getting

beer in her face and feeling Romero and Montgomery at her feet.

Romero testified he did not pull Mobley’s ponytail and did not know why

Montgomery pushed him during the first incident. Romero denied throwing beer at

Montgomery. Romero testified he pled guilty to felony battery for injuring Montgomery

and acknowledged that he made a bad decision when he slapped Montgomery’s face.

Hughes testified he was four or five tables away when he noticed commotion

during the first incident. Two individuals at the table got into an argument and were

loud. Hughes did not see Montgomery push Romero. He went over to Montgomery’s

table. There were five people at the table. The people told Hughes they were all friends

being rowdy and nothing was going on. They said it was St. Patrick’s Day and they were

having a good time. Hughes told the group to keep it down. Hughes testified that, two

and a half minutes later, during the second altercation, he did not see Romero hit

Montgomery’s face with his hand. Within seconds after Montgomery responded by

attacking Romero, Hughes attempted to break up the fight.

As a result of losing his left eye during the fight, Montgomery had two surgeries to

remove the uvea and scrape out everything in the eye socket, leaving the sclera shell.

Because Montgomery had to wait for the eye area to heal, it took one year and three

months before Montgomery could use a plastic eye prosthesis to fill the eye socket.

Neuro-ophthalmologist Dr. Sadun testified that Montgomery could do most things with

5 one eye but had reduced depth perception and reduced peripheral vision, from 180

degrees to 130 degrees. Montgomery was also at risk of getting glaucoma and must be

vigilant in taking care of his good eye.

Montgomery testified that people would stare at him and he felt like he looked

“weird.” The recovery process was painful and he had to get used to the prosthesis.

Montgomery now sleeps with the prosthesis and cleans it every morning. Sometimes the

prosthesis moves out of place and he is unaware of this unless someone tells him, which

is embarrassing. After his eye injury, Montgomery has had to work harder to prove he

can do certain tasks during his work as a heavy equipment mechanic. Montgomery also

stopped playing softball and riding dirt bikes on a track. His mother testified

Montgomery has become less outgoing. After the incident, Montgomery initially had

“really, really bad” anxiety. At the time of the trial, it was “not so bad.”

Montgomery’s security expert, Scott DeFoe, testified that security guards at

Whiskey Barrel were required to have valid guard cards through the state Bureau of

Security Investigative Services. Hughes’s guard card expired in 2005. In DeFoe’s

opinion, Montgomery and Romero should have been escorted off the premises after the

initial incident, when Montgomery pushed Romero. According to DeFoe, Whiskey

Barrel failed to properly train their security guards and lacked internal policies requiring

removal of patrons from the premises if seen causing a disturbance or fight. DeFoe

acknowledged that a sudden assault could have occurred even if Whiskey Barrel had

adequate security in place. DeFoe did not observe in the video of the incident any

6 indication Hughes had seen Montgomery push Romero or that Romero pulled Mobley’s

hair.

Whiskey Barrel’s security expert, Chris McGoey, testified that Whiskey Barrel is

classified as a restaurant because it serves a full food menu. It was therefore not legally

required to have security. Whiskey Barrel opened in November 2014. From that time

until the subject incident four months later, there had not been any violence at Whiskey

Barrel. McGoey stated that, in his opinion, the risk of an assault or other crime or injury

at Whiskey Barrel on March 17, 2015, was very low. Nevertheless, that night Whiskey

Barrel had three security guards: one who checked identification at the door; one who

covered the left side of the restaurant; and Hughes, who covered the right side of the

restaurant. The industry standard for a high risk club was one guard for every 50 patrons.

Whiskey Barrel had three guards for 80 patrons the night of the incident. McGoey

concluded Whiskey Barrel had adequate security and the security guards responded

appropriately to the altercations involving Montgomery and Romero.

McGoey agreed the video did not show Romero throwing a glass of beer at

Montgomery before Montgomery pushed Romero during the first incident. Therefore, in

McGoey’s opinion, Montgomery was the aggressor during the first incident. McGoey

testified that, although Hughes did not see Montgomery push Romero, Hughes properly

responded when he became aware of the commotion by speaking to the group for about a

minute. McGoey concluded Hughes’s actions were reasonable. McGoey testified that

during the second altercation, when Romero backhanded Montgomery, Romero was the

7 aggressor. The video showed that after Romero hit Montgomery, Romero backed up 10

feet and took a stance indicating “come and get me.” Because Montgomery at that point

had the option of calling security and not fighting Romero, Montgomery became the

aggressor when he charged toward Romero.

III.

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Montgomery filed a complaint against Whiskey Barrel for damages. The

complaint included causes of action for negligence, assault, and battery. Only the

negligence cause of action is against Whiskey Barrel. The other causes of action were

against unnamed Doe defendants who were either Whiskey Barrel “bouncers” or

individuals who threatened and attacked Montgomery. The complaint alleged in the first

cause of action for negligence that while Montgomery was a patron at Whiskey Barrel on

March 17, 2015, he was harassed and threatened. Whiskey Barrel knew Montgomery

was about to be attacked. Because Whiskey Barrel bouncers negligently failed to

intervene and escort the attacker out of Whiskey Barrel, Montgomery was struck in the

face with a glass and closed fists, causing him to lose his left eye and suffer severe

injuries. Whiskey Barrel also allegedly negligently managed, hired, trained, employed,

and supervised its bouncers.

Before the trial, the parties stipulated Montgomery incurred economic loss in the

amount of $11,697.92, for lost earnings, and $75,000 in future economic damages for

future medical costs. On the twelfth day of trial, the jury returned a special verdict,

8 finding Montgomery 45 percent at fault, Romero 45 percent at fault, and Whiskey Barrel

10 percent at fault. The jury also found zero past and future noneconomic loss, including 3 past and future physical pain and mental suffering. The jury was polled and then

excused, without either party requesting the jury under section 619 to clarify its verdict.

On June 28, 2018, the trial court entered judgment in favor of Montgomery and against

Whiskey Barrel in the amount of $47,683.86 (55% of $86,697.92, Montgomery’s

economic damages).

Montgomery filed a motion for new trial on “damages and on percentages of

fault.” Montgomery argued in his motion that the award of zero past and future

noneconomic damages constituted inadequate damages and the jury failed to follow the

jury instruction requiring an award of damages for each item of harm caused by Whiskey

Barrel. Whiskey Barrel filed opposition, arguing the motion should be denied.

Alternatively, Whiskey Barrel requested the trial court to issue an additur “in an amount

[that] the court in its independent judgment determines from the evidence to be fair and

reasonable.” Montgomery argued in its reply brief that the jury was required to award

noneconomic damages and that the jury reached a compromise verdict.

3 The judgment was amended to correct a clerical error in the judgment, in which the original judgment stated “d. Past noneconomic loss,” and was corrected to state: “d. Future noneconomic loss.” The original judgment stated in paragraph c, “Past noneconomic loss,” and then erroneously stated it again in paragraph d. This was obvious clerical error, which contradicted the special verdict.

9 During the hearing on Montgomery’s motion for new trial on August 31, 2018, the

court stated it was inclined to grant Montgomery’s motion for new trial as to the entire

action, without an additur. The court concluded that the judgment was unlawful because

there were “no damages assessed as to general damages.” The parties and court

discussed at length whether the court should grant a motion for new trial subject to an

additur. Montgomery argued there was a sharp conflict in the evidence regarding

liability. Therefore, an additur was improper. Counsel for Whiskey Barrel disagreed,

urging the court to issue an additur.

The court noted that the jury verdict appeared to be a compromise verdict, with the

jury split on the issue of liability. The court noted “the evidence was very light as far as

the liability of the defendant.” The court stated, “I would have given a defense verdict

because I think that the showing as far as responsibility on the part of the security was

minimal at best. I think that this was an altercation between two individuals.” The court

further stated that “I have some issues as to whether or not anything they did that was

wrong actually caused this incident to occur. That is a question in my mind. And

secondly, as far as the damages are concerned I don’t have any problem with their

economic damages. I do have a problem with the fact they gave no general damages

which I think are required under the circumstances of this case.”

With regard to an additur, the court acknowledged that it was “having difficulty

setting an amount in terms of general damages that I think would be sufficient to indicate

general damages. What I have real concerns [about is] as to the liability portion of it as

10 to what was actually caused by the defendants’ actions. My intent at this point after

listening to argument is to not give an additur on this matter, but to grant a new trial only

on the issue of causation and damages.”

After taking the matter under submission, the trial court entered a written ruling on

Montgomery’s motion for new trial on August 31, 2018, stating the following: “The

Court finds that the evidence clearly shows that Plaintiff sustained pain, suffering,

disfigurement, loss of enjoyment of life, mental suffering and functional impairment as a

result of the loss of his eye. There was no evidence introduced that contested the

Plaintiff’s noneconomic damages. The jury failed to assess any compensation for the

noneconomic damages sustained. The Court finds that a fair and reasonable award for

noneconomic damages is $1,000,000. [¶] The Court grants the Plaintiff’s motion for

new trial based on insufficiency of the evidence because the damages are inadequate

subject to the condition that if Defendant accepts an additur to the judgment of $100,000

determined by assessing past and future noneconomic damages of $1,000,000 and

applying the jury’s determination of 10% apportionment of damages caused by the

negligence of the defendant. [¶] If Defendant does not accept the additur within 15 days

of the date of this ruling, Plaintiff’s motion for new trial on all issues is granted.”

Whiskey Barrel filed a timely notice of acceptance of additur. The trial court

thereafter entered an amended judgment, which added to the judgment the additur and

entered judgment in favor of Montgomery and against Whiskey Barrel in the amount of

$147,683.86. Montgomery filed a notice of appeal from the judgment, order granting the

11 motion for new trial with additur, acceptance of the additur, and amended judgment filed

on September 13, 2018.

IV.

ADDITUR

Montgomery contends the trial court abused its discretion by granting his motion

for a new trial, subject to and conditional upon an additur.

A. Standard of review

The trial court’s order granting a motion for a new trial subject to a remittitur or

additur will not be reversed unless it plainly appears that the trial court abused its

discretion. (Gerard v. Ross (1988) 204 Cal.App.3d 968, 978 (Gerard); Jehl v. Southern

Pac. Co. (1967) 66 Cal.2d 821, 832 (Jehl).) “‘All presumptions are in favor of the order

and it will be affirmed if it is sustainable on any ground.’ [Citation.] In passing on a

motion for a new trial the trial judge is entitled to reweigh the evidence and exercise his

independent judgment thereon and if he concludes that the damages awarded do not

adequately compensate for the injuries sustained he may grant a new trial.” (Harper v.

Superior Air Parts (1954) 124 Cal.App.2d 91, 94.)

B. Law Applicable to a Motion for New Trial Conditional Upon Additur

Section 657, which governs motions for new trial, states in relevant part: “The

verdict may be vacated and any other decision may be modified or vacated, in whole or

in part, and a new or further trial granted on all or part of the issues, on the application of

the party aggrieved, for any of the following causes, materially affecting the substantial

12 rights of such party: . . . [¶] 5. Excessive or inadequate damages. [¶] 6. Insufficiency

of the evidence to justify the verdict or other decision, or the verdict or other decision is

against law.” Section 657 further states that, “A new trial shall not be granted upon the

ground of insufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict or other decision, nor upon

the ground of excessive or inadequate damages, unless after weighing the evidence the

court is convinced from the entire record, including reasonable inferences therefrom, that

the court or jury clearly should have reached a different verdict or decision.”

Section 662.5 authorizes the court to issue an additur as an alternative to granting

a new trial. Section 662.5 provides in relevant part: “(a) In any civil action where after

trial by jury an order granting a new trial limited to the issue of damages would be

proper, the trial court may in its discretion: [¶] (1) If the ground for granting a new trial

is inadequate damages, issue a conditional order granting the new trial unless the party

against whom the verdict has been rendered consents to the addition of damages in an

amount the court in its independent judgment determines from the evidence to be fair and

reasonable.”

In Jehl, supra, 66 Cal.2d 821, the court addressed the trial court’s failure to

consider the option of issuing an additur. The Jehl court affirmed the order granting the

plaintiff a new trial limited to damages but remanded the case to allow the trial court to

exercise its discretion in determining whether to grant a conditional additur. (Id. at pp.

833, 835.) In reaching its holding, the Jehl court explained that, “[u]pon a motion for

new trial grounded on insufficiency of the evidence because the damages are inadequate,

13 the court should [1] first determine whether the damages are clearly inadequate and, if so,

[2] whether the case would be a proper one for granting a motion for new trial limited to

damages. [Citation.] [] If both conditions exist, [3] the court in its discretion may issue

an order granting the motion for new trial unless the defendant consents to an additur as

determined by the court.” (Id. at p. 832, fn. omitted.)

C. Inadequate Noneconomic Damages

It is unrefuted that the jury awarded Montgomery “clearly inadequate”

noneconomic damages. (Jehl, supra, 66 Cal.2d at p. 832.) Montgomery’s eye was

gouged out, which caused him to suffer from, among other things, severe pain, several

eye surgeries, embarrassment from his changed facial appearance, adjusting to using a

prosthetic eye, the loss of his left eye, and the loss or reduction of stereopsis (depth

perception) and peripheral vision in his remaining eye.

The trial court instructed the jury that, “If you decide that Nicholas Montgomery

[has] proved his claim against the Whiskey Barrel [Hesperia, LLC], you must also decide

how much money will reasonably compensate Nicholas Montgomery for the harm. This

compensation is called ‘damages.’” (See CACI Instruction 3901.) The court explained

to the jury that the damages the jury must decide “fall into two categories called

economic damages and non-economic damages. (See CACI Instruction 3902.) The trial

court instructed the jury that “items of non-economic damages” claimed by Montgomery

included “[p]ast and future physical pain, mental suffering, loss of enjoyment of life,

disfigurement and inconvenience.” (See CACI Instruction 3905A.) Despite unrefuted

14 evidence that Montgomery suffered significant pain and suffering and emotional distress,

the jury did not award him any past or future noneconomic damages. The trial court

therefore reasonably found that the jury award of zero past and future noneconomic

damages was inadequate and not supported by the evidence. Therefore, under section

657, granting a motion for a new trial would have been proper because the noneconomic

damages were clearly inadequate.

D. Caselaw Applicable to Issuing an Additur

The key issue here is whether the trial court abused its discretion in issuing an

additur. Montgomery argues that in the instant case granting a new trial limited to the

issue of damages would have been improper under Clifford v. Ruocco (1952) 39 Cal.2d

327, 329 (Clifford); Hamasaki v. Flotho (1952) 39 Cal.2d 602, 606-607 (Hamasaki);

Beagle v. Vasold (1966) 65 Cal.2d 166, 183 (Beagle); Gallentine v. Richardson (1967)

248 Cal.App.2d 152, 156 (Gallentine); Capelouto v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (1972)

7 Cal.3d 889, 893 (Capelouto); Smith v. Moffat (1977) 73 Cal.App.3d 86, 95 (Smith); and 4 Gerard, supra, 204 Cal.App.3d at p. 984. Montgomery asserts that under these cases he

is entitled to an entire new trial as a matter of law because the jury awarded inadequate

noneconomic damages and there was a sharp conflict in the evidence on liability,

4 Although these cases, with the exception of Gerard, were decided before Proposition 51, this is not a significant consideration here. Proposition 51 did not affect the general principles in deciding the motion for new trial and additur in the instant case. Proposition 51, entitled the Fair Responsibility Act of 1986, effective June 4, 1986, provided for joint and several liability and allocated liability for damages based on percentages of fault. (DaFonte v. Up-Right, Inc. (1992) 2 Cal.4th 593, 599-600; Civ. Code, §1431.2.)

15 suggesting a compromise verdict. Upon reviewing these cases cited by Montgomery, we

conclude the trial court erred in issuing an additur, rather than granting a new trial on all

issues. Whiskey Barrel has not cited any persuasive authority to the contrary.

In Clifford, supra, 39 Cal.2d 327, the defendant was in an automobile accident

while driving the plaintiff. The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff in the amount of

$1,500. The plaintiff moved for a new trial on the ground the awarded damages were

inadequate. The trial court conditionally granted the motion for new trial of all issues

unless the defendant consented to paying the plaintiff $2,000 in damages. The defendant

consented, but the plaintiff refused to accept the additur award. The trial court then

denied the motion for new trial and entered a judgment for $1,500.

The Clifford court concluded there was substantial evidence the defendant’s

negligence caused the accident and that the plaintiff’s damages were inadequate as a

matter of law and therefore must be reversed. (Clifford, supra, 39 Cal.2d at pp. 328-639.)

In Clifford, the court addressed the issue of “whether the case should be remanded on all

the issues or on the issue of damages alone.” (Id. at p. 329.) The Clifford court stated

that, “on an appeal from a judgment where the evidence as to liability is ‘overwhelming’

a retrial may be limited to the issue of damages. [Citations.] Where, however, the

evidence as to liability is in sharp and substantial conflict, and the damages awarded are

so grossly inadequate as to indicate a compromise on the issues of liability and damages,

the case should be remanded for a retrial of both issues. [Citations.] A failure to allow

for undisputed special damages and loss of earnings is one circumstances which the

16 courts have considered as being some indication of a compromise verdict. [Citations.]”

(Id. at pp. 329-330.)

In Clifford, the court further concluded there was a sharp and substantial conflict

in the evidence on the question of liability. The Clifford court concluded that, in view of

the conflict in the evidence, “and considering that the damages awarded were less than

plaintiff’s undisputed special damages and loss of earnings, it would appear that the

verdict was the result of a compromise on the issues of liability and damages, and

substantial justice requires that the case be retried in its entirety.” (Clifford, supra, 39

Cal.2d at p. 330.) As a consequence, the Clifford court reversed the judgment awarding

reduced damages after denying the plaintiff’s motion for new trial. (Ibid.) Under

Clifford, this court must consider whether there was a conflict in the evidence and

whether there were inadequate damages, when determining whether the jury verdict was

a compromise verdict requiring a new trial on all issues.

In Hamasaki, supra, 39 Cal.2d 602, the trial court denied the plaintiffs’ motion for

an entire new trial but granted a motion for new trial limited to the issue of damages, after

the defendants rejected a judgment for $7,500. The child plaintiff was severely injured

while crossing the street, when hit by the defendant’s vehicle. There was conflicting

evidence as to both liability and damages. On appeal, the defendants argued the jury

entered a compromise verdict by awarding little more than the amount of special

damages. The court in Hamasaki concluded the jury award for general damages was

grossly inadequate. (Id. at pp. 606-607.) The Hamasaki court further held that the trial

17 court erred in granting the plaintiffs’ motion for new trial on the issue of damages only.

The order was reversed and the trial court was directed to vacate the judgment and order

a new trial on all issues. (Id. at p. 612.)

The court in Hamasaki noted that, “[a]lthough the granting of a new trial limited

to the issue of damages rests primarily in the discretion of the trial court, it is an abuse of

discretion to grant such a new trial if the question of liability is close, if the damages

awarded are grossly inadequate, and if there are other circumstances that indicate that the

verdict was the result of prejudice or an improper compromise.” (Hamasaki, supra, 39

Cal.2d at pp. 604-605.)

The Hamasaki court further stated the following principles govern the granting of

partial new trials: “A new trial limited to the damages issue may be ordered by the trial

court when it can reasonably be said that the liability issue has been determined by the

jury. A refusal to allow for undisputed special damages is usually convincing evidence

that the jury failed to make a decision of the liability issue, and that circumstance has

therefore been stressed in a number of appellate opinions. [Citations.] In a particular

case, however, gross inadequacy of unliquidated general damages may be just as

convincing. . . . As a general rule, it is only when the verdict allows a substantial, even

though inadequate, amount for general damages that it can reasonably be concluded that

the jury’s error related solely to the damages issue.” (Hamasaki, supra, 39 Cal.2d at pp.

606-607.) Cal.2d 602, the court explained that, “where no award at all is made for general

damages[,] the only possible explanation is that the jurors compromised the issue of

liability, and it is error to limit the new trial to the issue of damages alone. But where, as

in the instant case, a substantial but inadequate award of general damages is made, the

question as to whether the new trial should be limited rests within the discretion of the

trial judge.” (Hughes v. Schwartz, supra, at p. 368.)

Hamasaki also cited McNear v. Pacific Greyhound Lines (1944) 63 Cal.App.2d

11, in support of this general rule. In McNear, the court stated that “it is an abuse of

discretion to limit a new trial to the issue of damages when the amount awarded by the

jury is so small in view of the damages proved that it must be concluded that the verdict

is the result of some of the jurors sacrificing their conscientiously held view that the

defendant was not liable and agreeing to a small but inadequate award for the plaintiff in

order to arrive at some verdict.” (McNear v. Pacific Greyhound Lines, supra, at pp. 15-

16, citing Hughes v. Schwartz, supra, 51 Cal.App.2d at p. 368.)

The Hamasaki court further concluded the jury verdict was an improper

compromise verdict requiring reversal of the order granting a limited new trial on

damages, based on the great disparity between the jury’s award of $182.90 in general

damages and the judge’s additur award of $6,682.90 for general damages, which was

more than 36 times the jury’s award of $182.90. (Hamasaki, supra, 39 Cal.2d at p. 607.)

The Hamasaki court stated that this “great disparity between the jury’s determination and

19 that of the judge provides an additional and striking indication that the jurors could not

agree on the liability issue and that those who believed defendants were liable consented

to inadequate damages in return for the votes of those who had decided that defendants

should pay nothing.” (Ibid.)

Here, as in Hamasaki, the question of Whiskey Barrel’s liability was a close call

and the general damages award of zero economic damages was grossly inadequate. As

the trial court noted in the instant case, the evidence supported a finding of nonliability on

the part of Whiskey Barrel. In addition, the jury’s verdict attributed only 10 percent fault

to Whiskey Barrel. This was after the jury had submitted a question during deliberations

asking for examples of a substantial factor and then advising the court it had reached an

impasse. After the court encouraged the jury to continue deliberations, the jury entered

its verdict two hours later, apportioning liability between Montgomery (45%), Romero

(45%), and Whiskey Barrel (10%). This is not a case in which “the verdict allows a

substantial, even though inadequate, amount for general damages.” (Hamasaki, supra, 39

Cal.2d at p. 607.) Here, the jury did not award any general damages.

In addition, with such a great disparity between the jury award of zero general

damages and the trial court additur award of $1,000,000 in general damages, it cannot be

reasonably concluded that the jury’s error of awarding zero general damages related

solely to the damages issue. As the trial court initially noted, the jury verdict appears to

be a compromise verdict in which “the grossly inadequate award cannot reasonably be

20 explained as a mere error of the jury in the assessment of damages.” (Hamasaki, supra,

39 Cal.2d at p. 607.)

There was also conflicting evidence regarding liability and percentages of fault,

including that of Whiskey Barrel. There was conflicting evidence as to whether Romero

was the aggressor during the first confrontation. It was disputed as to whether he pulled

Mobley’s ponytail and threw beer in plaintiff’s face. It was also disputed whether

Romero initiated the second altercation by hitting Montgomery in the face or whether

Montgomery was the aggressor when he attacked Romero. In addition, there was

conflicting evidence as to whether Whiskey Barrel was negligent in any way. There was

conflicting testimony by the parties’ security experts as to whether Whiskey Barrel and

its security guards, including Hughes, provided inadequate security and were negligent

during the incident. Therefore, the question of liability and percentages of fault were

disputed and close, particularly as to Whiskey Barrel.

Under Hamasaki, in the instant case, the conflicting evidence and jury verdict

award of zero general damages suggested a compromise verdict requiring a new trial on

all issues. It was therefore an abuse of discretion to grant a new trial conditional upon an

additur, when the question of liability was close and the damages awarded by the jury

were grossly inadequate. (Hamasaki, supra, 39 Cal.2d at pp. 604-605.)

21 Beagle, supra, 65 Cal.2d 166, also supports this proposition. In Beagle, the

plaintiff suffered injuries from an accident in which the plaintiff was a passenger in a car

that went over an embankment. The driver died from the accident. The plaintiff suffered

serious injuries, including vision impairment and severe, radiating back pain. The

plaintiff’s injuries prevented him from returning to work as a carpenter. The plaintiff

requested $21,502.48 in special damages, including $1,377.48 in past medical expenses.

The jury returned a verdict for $1,719.48 in favor of the plaintiff. The verdict thus

amounted to only $342 more than the plaintiff’s past medical expenses. The plaintiff

appealed, contending the damages were inadequate. The plaintiff argued the trial court

erred in prohibiting his attorney from stating during closing argument the specific amount

of general damages plaintiff was claiming or, alternatively, stating a per diem amount.

The Beagle court agreed. (Id. at pp. 171-181, 183.)

In finding prejudice, the Beagle court explained: “When prejudicial error appears

in the determination of the issue of damages, ‘It has been held that on an appeal from a

judgment where the evidence as to liability is “overwhelming” a retrial may be limited to

the issue of damages. [Citations.] Where, however, the evidence as to liability is in

sharp and substantial conflict, and the damages awarded are so grossly inadequate as to

indicate a compromise on the issues of liability and damages, the case should be

remanded for a retrial of both issues.’” (Beagle, supra, 65 Cal.2d at p. 183, citing

Clifford, supra, 39 Cal.2d at p. 329; Hamasaki, supra, 39 Cal.2d at pp. 604-607.)

22 Beagle, supra, 65 Cal.2d 166, supports the proposition that, here, there was a

compromise verdict on the issues of liability and damages, because the evidence as to

liability was in sharp and substantial conflict, and the damages awarded were grossly

inadequate. Therefore, the case should be remanded for a retrial of both liability and

damages. (Id. at p. 183; Clifford, supra, 39 Cal.2d at p. 329; Hamasaki, supra, 39 Cal.2d

at pp. 604-607.)

In Gallentine, supra, 248 Cal.App.2d 152, the plaintiff sustained a gunshot wound

to the kidney area by the defendant while deer hunting. The parties stipulated that the

plaintiff’s medical expenses totaled $297.60, and he incurred $225 in loss of earnings.

(Id. at p. 154.) The jury did not award any general damages for pain, suffering,

inconvenience, shock, or mental suffering. The Gallentine court noted that the defendant

did not seriously dispute the extent of the plaintiff’s injuries, or dispute that the plaintiff’s

expenses were proximately caused by the gunshot wound. (Ibid.) The Gallentine court

held the damages award, which was limited to special damages, was inadequate as a

matter of law. (Id. at p. 155.) The Gallentine court further concluded that, because the

general damages award was grossly inadequate, the jury award was a compromise

verdict, which required reversal of the judgment and remand the case for an entire new

trial. (Id. at p. 156.) The Gallentine court rejected the plaintiff’s request for a new trial

limited to the issue of damages because “‘“[i]t would work a grave injustice upon

defendant to force it to a new trial of the issue as to damages only, with the issue as to

23 liability, upon which no verdict other than in name had been rendered, forever closed

against any inquiry.”’” (Ibid.)

In reaching its holding, the court in Gallentine noted the well-established

principles that, “[g]enerally speaking, a judgment will be reversed on the grounds that the

damages are inadequate only where the award is found to be inadequate on a fair

consideration of the evidence.” (Gallentine, supra, 248 Cal.App.2d at p. 154.) The

Gallentine court added that, “‘If the liability is undisputed or clear, the reversal may be

for a limited new trial on the issue of damages. But where the evidence of liability is so

doubtful or sharply conflicting as to indicate a compromise verdict, the reversal will be

general.’” (Id. at p. 154, citing 2 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law (7th ed. 1960) Torts,

§ 448, p. 164; see Clifford, supra, 3 Cal.2d at p. 329.)

The Gallentine court further stated: “When a verdict has been returned for the

exact amount of special damages in a case where substantial general damages were

obviously incurred, and where a strong case of negligence has been made, a denial of a

new trial by the trial court must be held an abuse of discretion and a judgment on a

verdict in an insufficient amount may not be affirmed. [Citations.] We find this to be

such a case.” (Gallentine, supra, 248 Cal.App.2d at p. 155.) Furthermore, “‘[a] limited

new trial should not be granted, where substantial justice requires that a new trial, if

granted at all, should cover all the issues.’” (Id. at p. 156.)

24 Here, as in Gallentine, supra, 248 Cal.App.2d 152, the jury award included

stipulated special damages and no general damages, even though the evidence established

that Montgomery sustained serious injuries and was entitled to general damages. As the

court in Gallentine held, limiting the new trial to only the issue of damages was improper

because the jury award appeared to have been a compromise verdict. Therefore, an

additur was also improper.

In Capelouto, supra, 7 Cal.3d 889, the Supreme Court also addressed the issue of

the proper scope of a new trial. (Id. at pp. 892, 897.) In determining whether to remand

the case for a new trial of all issues or just damages, the court in Capelouto did not view

the infant plaintiff’s recovery, consisting of only special damages, as evidence of a

compromise because the damages award, although relatively small, constituted the most

the jury could award the plaintiff pursuant to the trial judge’s instructions. The trial court

instructed the jury it could not award the infant plaintiff any general damages. Because

ample evidence supported the jury’s finding of liability against the defendant and the jury

awarded the maximum amount permissible under the erroneous instructions on

damages, the Capelouto court reversed the judgment only as to the damages and ordered

a limited new trial solely on the issue of damages. (Id. at pp. 891, 898.)

Capelouto, supra, 7 Cal.3d 889, is distinguishable in that in the instant case the

inadequate damages were not the result of an erroneous instruction precluding the jury

from awarding general damages. Unlike in the instant case, the circumstances in

Capelouto did not support a finding there was a compromise verdict. The lack of general

25 damages in Capelouto was in accordance with an erroneous jury instruction precluding

general damages. However, in the instant case, the jury was instructed to award damages

for all injuries and losses, including general damages for pain and suffering. Unlike in

Capelouto, here, the jury did not comply with the damages instructions. The jury did not

award any general damages when it was instructed to do so where there was unrefuted

evidence of general damages. This failure to award any general damages, along with

conflicting evidence of proportionate liability on the part of Montgomery, Romero, and

Whiskey Barrel, furnished sufficient proof of a compromise verdict, such that a new trial

on all issues was required.

In Smith, supra, 73 Cal.App.3d 86, the plaintiff minor brought a wrongful death

action against the defendant medical providers. The jury awarded the plaintiff $5,000 in

damages. The trial court granted the plaintiff’s motion for new trial on all issues as

against the defendant physician. The trial court concluded the jury awarded inadequate

damages and the evidence was insufficient to support liability against the defendant

physician. (Id. at pp. 89-90.) The defendant appealed the order granting the new trial

and the plaintiff filed a cross-appeal of the judgment on the ground the damages were

inadequate as a matter of law. (Id. at p. 93.)

The Smith court concluded it need not decide the defendant’s appeal of the order

granting a new trial because the court reversed the judgment on the plaintiff’s cross-

appeal. Consistent with well-established case law, the Smith court concluded that the

sharp conflict in evidence of liability and the inadequate award of damages suggested a

26 compromise verdict requiring reversal the judgment and order granting a new trial.

(Smith, supra, 73 Cal.App.3d pp. 89, 91, 93-95.)

In reaching its holding on the plaintiff’s cross-appeal, the Smith court explained

that, “[w]hile as a general rule the factfinders are the final judges of the extent of

damages suffered by a plaintiff in a tort action, the rule is not of universal application.

The uncontradicted evidence may demonstrate that the damages awarded are so

inadequate as to justify appellate intervention. [Citations.] In such cases, the award has

been held to be insufficient as a matter of law and to warrant reversal of the judgment.”

(Smith, supra, 73 Cal.App.3d at p. 94, citing Clifford v. Ruocco, supra, 39 Cal.2d 327,

329.) In Smith, the court held the jury’s damages award “was so grossly disproportionate

to the economic loss sustained by the child, not to mention the loss of the society and

comfort of his mother, that it must be held to be inadequate as a matter of law. The

judgment must, therefore, be reversed.” (Smith, supra, at p. 94.)

The Smith court then addressed the question of whether the judgment should be

reversed in its entirety or on the damage issue alone as requested by the plaintiff. (Smith,

supra, 73 Cal.App.3d p. 94.) The court concluded that, “[a]lthough a retrial may be

limited to damages where the evidence of liability is overwhelming, whereas here the

evidence on liability is in sharp conflict and the award is manifestly so inadequate as to

suggest a compromise verdict, the case should be remanded for retrial on all issues.” (Id.

at pp. 94-95, citing Hamasaki, supra, 39 Cal.2d at pp. 606-607; Clifford, supra, 39

Cal.2d 327, 329, 246 P.2d 651.)

27 Finally, in Gerard, supra, 204 Cal.App.3d 968, the plaintiff, George Gerard, filed

claims for malicious prosecution and conspiracy. The jury returned a special verdict,

finding the defendants liable for malicious prosecution and awarding Gerard special

damages and punitives, but no general damages. Thereafter, the trial court granted one of

the defendant’s motion for new trial subject to a remittitur of the punitive damages,

reducing the punitive damage award from $50,000 to $25,000. Gerard accepted the

remittitur but then appealed, arguing among other things that the jury’s special damages

award was inadequate. Gerard requested the Gerard court to increase the award by

$1,000 plus 6 percent interest.

In addressing this contention, the Gerard court stated the well-established

principle that “Section 662.5 grants the trial court discretion to exercise its additur powers

to determine, upon its review of the entire record, an addition which is fair and

reasonable. The Law Revision Commission comment on this section states that: ‘The

exercise of additur authority . . . is limited to cases where “an order granting a new trial

limited to the issue of damages would . . . be proper.” This limitation prevents the use of

additur where the inadequate damages are the result of a compromise on liability.’”

(Gerard, supra, 204 Cal.App.3d at p. 984.) The Gerard court added that it would

“disturb a trial court’s refusal to exercise its additur power only if the record reveals an

abuse of discretion.” (Ibid.)

28 Based on these principles, the Gerard court upheld the special damages award,

concluding that Gerard had not demonstrated that the jury verdict was a compromise

verdict. The Gerard court reasoned that “Gerard points us solely to the fact that the

jury’s award of compensatory damages was exactly $1,000 less tha[n] the

amount Gerard’s testimony identified. Without more, this is an insufficient fact upon

which to base a conclusion that the trial court abused its discretion.” (Gerard, supra, 204

Cal.App.3d at p. 984.)

The instant case is distinguishable from Gerard, supra, 204 Cal.App.3d 968, in

that in the instant case the jury award was obviously erroneous because the jury did not

award any noneconomic damages even though there was unrefuted evidence

Montgomery suffered noneconomic damages. Under the well-established case law on

motions for new trial and additurs, the trial court’s order issuing an additur was improper

because there was conflicting evidence on liability and it was unrefuted the jury awarded

inadequate general damages. We therefore conclude the trial court erred in issuing an

additur and, instead, was required to grant a new trial on all of the issues.

V.

DISPOSITION

The trial court order granting the motion for new trial with additur, the defendant’s

acceptance of the additur, and the amended judgment filed on September 13, 2018, are

reversed and the matter is remanded to the trial court for a new trial on all issues.

29 Pursuant to the parties’ stipulation to settle, filed with this court on November 12,

2020, the parties have agreed to settlement of this case upon (1) this court entering its

decision reversing the trial court judgment; (2) this court's opinion becoming final

immediately upon entry of the decision, with the clerk of this court issuing a remittitur

forthwith; and (3) all parties waiving all rights to seek rehearing or review.

Accordingly, each party is ordered to bear its own costs on appeal and the clerk of

this court is directed to issue the remittitur forthwith.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

CODRINGTON

J.

We concur:

RAMIREZ

P. J.

RAPHAEL

J.

30