NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 22 2021

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

TRINÍDAD BENAVIDEZ LEÓN, No. 20-70931

Petitioner, Agency No. A019-805-705 v.

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney MEMORANDUM* General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted April 15, 2019** San Francisco, California

Before: M. SMITH and IKUTA, Circuit Judges, and VRATIL,*** District Judge.

Petitioner Trinídad Benavidez León seeks review of a decision by the Board

of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) which denied deferral of removal under the

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Kathryn H. Vratil, United States District Judge for the District of Kansas, sitting by designation. Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(c)(1). In doing so,

the BIA adopted in full the decision of the Immigration Judge (“IJ”). We therefore

review the decision of the IJ. Abebe v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 1037, 1039 (9th Cir.

2005). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. For the reasons stated below,

we deny the petition for review.

1. Substantial evidence supports the IJ’s determination that petitioner’s

claims of future torture both inside and outside of a mental health facility are too

speculative to warrant relief.

We review the IJ’s determination for substantial evidence. Cole v. Holder,

659 F.3d 762, 770 (9th Cir. 2011). Under this standard, we must uphold the IJ’s

determination unless the record compels a contrary conclusion. Id.

Petitioner argues that more likely than not, he will be tortured if he is

institutionalized in Mexico. The IJ found that more likely than not petitioner will

not to be institutionalized upon his return. Petitioner has never been involuntarily

institutionalized, and he has not explained what about his circumstances has changed

so that institutionalization is now more likely than not to occur. Moreover, the

record lacks evidence that persons with chronic mental illness who do not have

support systems are more likely than not to be institutionalized. Absent a showing

that petitioner will more likely than not be institutionalized upon his return to

Mexico, we must uphold the IJ’s finding that petitioner failed to show that the staff

2 20-70931 of a mental health facility in Mexico is more likely than not to torture him. See In

re J.F.F., 23 I. & N. Dec. 912, 917–18 n.4 (A.G. 2006) (to obtain relief under CAT,

petitioner must show that each link in chain is more likely than not to occur).

Substantial evidence also supports the IJ’s conclusion that police are unlikely

to torture petitioner. The IJ found that the record lacked evidence that police in

Mexico would torture petitioner. In fact, the IJ emphasized that petitioner sought

help from police when he was afraid that he was being chased. While police may

have tortured petitioner more than 50 years ago, the IJ found that the record lacked

evidence that petitioner would be tortured by the police if returned to Mexico today.

Country conditions reports do not compel a different result because petitioner does

not specifically explain why it is more likely than not that he is at risk of torture by

police.

Finally, substantial evidence supports the IJ’s conclusion that the general

public is unlikely to torture petitioner. Petitioner stated that unknown persons

chased him while he was in Mexico, and he was afraid that staff members at the

rehabilitation facility where he was previously institutionalized would harm him.

Both concerns are too speculative to merit CAT relief. As the IJ noted, petitioner

does not know who was chasing him or for what purpose. Thus, the record does not

compel a conclusion that these unknown persons would chase—much less torture—

petitioner if he returns to Mexico. After he escaped from the rehabilitation facility,

3 20-70931 petitioner lived nearby without incident. Petitioner provides no explanation of why

staff members would now wish to harm him.

Because Petitioner has not shown that he is more likely than not to be

involuntarily institutionalized, we need to reach the question of whether he is more

likely than not to be tortured if he is institutionalized.

2. The record does not compel a finding that the aggregate risk of torture

is greater than 50 percent.

The IJ must consider the “aggregate risk of torture from all sources.”

Quijada-Aguilar v. Lynch, 799 F.3d 1303, 1308 (9th Cir. 2015).

Petitioner argues that the IJ failed to consider the aggregate risk of torture.

The IJ did not explicitly state that she considered petitioner’s claims in the aggregate.

This does not mean, however, that the IJ considered petitioner’s claims as “separate,

divisible CAT claims.” Id. Indeed, the IJ wrote that “in light of the foregoing”

petitioner did not meet his burden under the CAT. Thus, the record lacks evidence

that the IJ failed to consider petitioner’s risk of torture from all sources.

PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.

PETITION FOR STAY OF REMOVAL DENIED AS MOOT.

4 20-70931