Jimmie Wayne Jeffers appeals the dismissal of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus, filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 . Jeffers’ habeas petition challenges his convictions for assault with a deadly weapon and first degree murder and his sentence of death. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for proceedings consistent with our opinion.

*478 FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Jeffers’ was convicted of murdering Penelope Cheney and of assaulting Doris Van der Veer with a deadly weapon. Penelope Cheney had been Jeffers’ girlfriend and had been arrested with Jeffers in May of 1976 on state charges of receiving stolen property. Jeffers had posted bail for Cheney, but had been unable to post bond for himself and remained in custody at the Pima County Jail. While in jail Jeffers received reports that Cheney had been cooperating with the police, providing information to them about Jeffers and certain heroin transactions. Jeffers wrote a note to another jail inmate offering him money if he would kill Cheney. The detention officer who was supposed to deliver the note read it and seized it. Jeffers was finally released on bail in early October.

Later that same month, Jeffers was living with Doris Van der Veer in the Linda Vista Motel in Tucson, Arizona. Jeffers sent a note to Cheney requesting that she meet with Jeffers. On October 20th Jef-fers told Van der Veer that Cheney was coming over and asked her to leave while Cheney was there. Cheney arrived at the motel room when Jeffers and Van der Veer were there. The two women met briefly and Van der Veer then went outside, leaving Jeffers and Cheney in the room. Approximately two hours later Van der Veer returned to the motel room and knocked on the door. Jeffers opened the door. Jeffers had a gun in his hand; Cheney was lying on the bed and appeared to be cyanotic. While Van der Veer watched, Jeffers injected a liquid into Cheney’s hand and said, “I have given her enough shit to kill a horse and this bitch won’t die.” Jeffers told Van der Veer, a former licensed practical nurse, to check Cheney. Cheney’s heartbeat was faint, her breathing was labored, and a foamy fluid was coming out of her mouth. Van der Veer asked if appellant was going to help Cheney. He responded, “No, I’m going to kill her.” Jef-fers straddled Cheney’s body and began choking her, first with his belt and then with his hands. After it appeared that she had died, Jeffers prepared another syringe and forced Van der Veer to inject heroin into Cheney’s groin and hand. He also told Van der Veer to get on top of Cheney and choke her. He took photographs of both of these acts. Jeffers then got on top of Cheney and began beating her with his hands. As he did this, he called her a “bitch” and a “dirty snitch” and said, “This one is for [naming several names].” Jef-fers finally dragged Cheney’s body into the bathroom and put it in the shower.

The body remained in the shower for three days. When the body began to smell, Jeffers and Van der Veer wrapped it in garbage bags and put it in a sleeping bag. That night they put the body in the trunk of Van der Veer’s car. Jeffers and Van der Veer took Cheney’s body to a place near Sedona, Arizona, and buried it in a shallow grave.

On February 9, 1978, a jury found Jef-fers guilty of first-degree murder and assault with a deadly weapon. The trial judge sentenced Jeffers to death on the first degree murder conviction. He also sentenced Jeffers to not less than 5 nor more than 10 years in prison on the assault conviction. Jeffers appealed from the judgments and the sentences imposed.

As a result of the appeal, Jeffers was resentenced on the murder conviction. On July 10, 1980, the trial court found two aggravating circumstances and no mitigating circumstances, and again imposed the death penalty. The Arizona Supreme Court affirmed both the convictions and the sentences. State v. Jeffers, 135 Ariz. 404 , 661 P.2d 1105 (1983). The sole aggravating circumstance upheld by the Arizona Supreme Court was that Jeffers had committed the murder “in an especially heinous ... or depraved manner.” Ariz.Rev.Stat. Ann. § 13-703(F)(6). The Supreme Court of the United States denied certiorari. Jeffers v. Arizona, 464 U.S. 865 , 104 S.Ct. 199 , 78 L.Ed.2d 174 (1983).

On December 2, 1983, Jeffers filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the district court. He subsequently filed an amended petition and requested an eviden-tiary hearing. On Feb. 4, 1986, the district court denied Jeffers’ motion for evidentiary *479 hearing and dismissed his petition. Jeffers v. Ricketts, 627 F.Supp. 1334 (D.Ariz.1986). Jeffers appealed to this court on Feb. 27, 1986.

DISCUSSION

A. Issues

Jeffers raises some 13 questions for our consideration. Because we find that Jef-fers was unconstitutionally sentenced to death, we need not reach some of the issues he presents. The questions we address are:

B. Matters Concerning the Trial

1. Refusal to grant immunity to defense witness

Jeffers contends that refusal to grant immunity to a defense witness, when the state had previously offered and granted immunity to four state witnesses, violated Jeffers’ sixth amendment right to compulsory process and denied him due process of law. The state granted immunity to Doris Van der Veer, Ramona Eppling, Sharon Galarza, and Rich Honton. The state refused to grant immunity to Louis Rosso, who was called to the stand to help Jeffers establish his alibi defense.

Denial of immunity for a defense witness can violate due process. United States v. Lord, 711 F.2d 887 (9th Cir.1983). The defendant is entitled to an evidentiary hearing if he makes “an unrebutted prima facie showing of prosecutorial misconduct that could have prevented a defense witness from giving relevant testimony.” Id. at 891 . In order to make a prima facie showing of prosecutorial misconduct, a defendant has the burden of showing, first, that the evidence was relevant and, second, that the prosecution deliberately intended to distort the judicial factfinding process by denying immunity to the defense witness. Id. (citing with approval Government of Virgin Islands v. Smith, 615 F.2d 964, 968 (3d Cir.1980)). Jeffers has not met his burden.

Jeffers testified that on the day that Cheney died, he was out making a heroin purchase. Earlier in that week Van der Veer and Jeffers had made a purchase from Louis Rosso. Van der Veer testified that on that occasion Rosso had sold Jef-fers enough heroin to satisfy Jeffers’ needs for several days. Her testimony therefore made Jeffers’ alibi that he was out buying heroin somewhat less credible. According to Jeffers, Rosso would have testified that he had only sold Jeffers a small quantity of heroin. Although neither clearly exculpatory nor essential to the defense, Rosso’s testimony would have been relevant, satisfying one element of the Lord test.

There is, however, no evidence whatsoever of prosecutorial misconduct. The defense did not make known until the middle of the trial that it intended to call Rosso. There is no suggestion that the prosecutor made any threat to Rosso that induced him to invoke the fifth amendment, as was pri-ma facie shown to have occurred in Lord, 711 F.2d at 891 . Nor is there any showing that the prosecution presented a distorted factual picture by immunizing its witnesses to testify to one side of a story while denying immunity to defense witnesses who would present the other side. See United States v. Alessio, 528 F.2d 1079, 1080-82 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 426 U.S. 948 , 96 S.Ct. 3167 , 49 L.Ed.2d 1184 (1976); United States v. Paris, 812 F.2d 471, 477 *480 (9th Cir.1987). Jeffers’ challenge therefore fails the second prong of the Lord test. See United States v. Disla, 805 F.2d 1340, 1353 (9th Cir.1986). He has made no prima facie showing that the decision not to grant immunity to Rosso denied him a fair trial. We affirm the district court’s decision on this issue.

2. Evidentiary rulings

Jeffers contends that evidentiary rulings in capital cases must meet a standard of “extra reliability.” He draws support from the plurality opinion in Ford v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399 , 106 S.Ct. 2595 , 91 L.Ed.2d 335 (1986), which stated that “[i]n capital proceedings generally, this Court has demanded that factfinding procedures aspire to a heightened standard of reliability.” Id. at -, 107 S.Ct. at 2603, 91 L.Ed.2d at 347 . Insofar as Jeffers’ argument suggests that evidentiary rulings and their review are subject to a totally different methodology in capital cases from that in all other criminal cases, we do not accept it. We readily agree, however, that we must review capital cases with heightened concern for the reliability of the state court’s procedures, see Spaziano v. Florida, 468 U.S. 447, 456 , 104 S.Ct. 3154, 3160 , 82 L.Ed.2d 340 (1984), because “the penalty of death is qualitatively different from a sentence of imprisonment, however long.” Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280, 305 , 96 S.Ct. 2978, 2991 , 49 L.Ed.2d 944 (1976) (plurality opinion of Stewart, J.). Even by that standard, however, we find that none of the challenged state court evidentiary rulings amount to constitutional error.

a. Exclusion of Myron McRoberts’ Testimony

In order to show that only Van der Veer, and not Jeffers, was with Cheney at the time of her drug overdose and death, the defense called Myron McRoberts, a guest at the motel. He testified that he saw Van der Veer and a blonde woman (presumably Cheney) leave the motel together on the day in question. Among the reasons offered by McRoberts why he remembered the events on the day of Cheney’s death, more than 14 months prior to his testimony, was that he was told “there [was] a cute blonde in room 7.” The trial court excluded that statement, and Jeffers contends that the court erred. The Arizona Supreme Court held that the evidence was improperly excluded as hearsay, but that the error was harmless. We find no constitutional error. The evidence was cumulative of other testimony offered by McRoberts. Its exclusion will not support the granting of habeas corpus relief.

b. Prior “bad acts” involving Cheney

Jeffers also contends that the trial court committed constitutional error when it admitted statements of Cheney through the testimony of Edith Meek, the manager of the apartment complex where Jeffers was living at the time, and of Nurse Ramirez, a nurse at Tucson Medical Center where Cheney went to be treated in November of 1975. Meek testified that Cheney said that Jeffers had drugged her and had thrown her through the bedroom window. Ramirez testified that Cheney said that her boyfriend had drugged her and that she had jumped through the bedroom window because she feared further violence from Jeffers. The Arizona Supreme Court held that the statement made to Meek was properly admitted under the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule. It held that most of the statement made to Ramirez was properly admitted under the medical treatment exception. The comment that her boyfriend had drugged her was held improperly admitted, but harmless, because it was cumulative of the properly admitted statements made to Meek.

The inability to cross-examine the declar-ant Cheney did not deprive Jeffers of a fundamentally fair trial. See Barker v. Morris, 761 F.2d 1396 (9th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1063 , 106 S.Ct. 814 , 88 L.Ed.2d 788 (1986). The confrontation clause permits the introduction of out-of-court statements if they are both necessary and reliable. Barker, 761 F.2d at 1399 . The statement was sufficiently reliable as an excited utterance. See, e.g. State v. *481 Peeler, 126 Ariz. 254 , 614 P.2d 335 (Arix. App.1980). Moreover, Cheney’s statements were partially corroborated by independent evidence.

Cheney’s statements were also necessary. At trial Jeffers contended that he loved Cheney and that he would be unable to hurt her. The challenged testimony was necessary to rebut this contention. We conclude that the admission of Cheney’s statements to Meek and Ramirez did not deprive Jeffers of a fair trial.

3. Other “bad acts” testimony

Jeffers contends that the admission of evidence of other “bad acts” denied him a fair trial. The evidence of prior bad acts was elicited through the testimony of the immunized witness Sharon Galarza. Galarza testified that Jeffers had committed other acts of violence, including assaults with drugs, knives and guns, upon Galarza, Cheney, and others. For Galarza’s willingness to testify for the prosecution, the state dropped drug and prostitution charges against her. Her testimony is reported in State v. Jeffers, 135 Ariz. at 416-17 , 661 P.2d at 1117-18 .

Rule 404(b) of the Arizona Rules of Evidence, like the federal rule, forbids admission of evidence of a defendant’s prior crimes, wrongs, or acts “to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith.” The trial court instructed the jury that it could consider the evidence of bad acts to show a common scheme or plan, identity, or other similar purposes. On appeal, the Arizona Supreme Court held that the evidence of bad acts was admissible, not to show a common plan or identity, but as an explanation why the murder was not reported sooner by those who were threatened.

Jeffers argues that the evidence ought not to have been admitted, but he offers no reason why the Arizona Supreme Court’s ruling was erroneous. Our review of the record discloses no ground for concluding that the admission of the evidence denied Jeffers a fair trial. See Colley v. Sumner, 784 F.2d 984, 990 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 107 S.Ct. 142 , 93 L.Ed.2d 84 (1986). Jeffers’ real complaint is that the evidence was admitted under on theory by the trial court, and the jury was so instructed, while the Arizona Supreme Court held the evidence admissible on a different theory.

An erroneous instruction by itself justifies habeas relief only if it “so infected the entire trial that the resulting conviction violates due process.” Cupp v. Naughten, 414 U.S. 141, 147 , 94 S.Ct. 396, 400 , 38 L.Ed.2d 368 (1973). The trial court’s instruction had no such effect. Nor did it lead to the evil that Rule 404(b) is intended to prevent. Under the trial court’s.instructions, the jury was not permitted to consider the evidence of bad acts to prove Jef-fers’ character in order to show that he acted in conformity with that character. The district court did not err in denying habeas relief.

4. Appearance before the jury in jail clothing

Jeffers contends that his trial was rendered unfair by his involuntary appearance before the jury in readily identifiable jail clothing. The facts surrounding the issue are not in dispute. On one occasion Jeffers appeared before the jury in his jail clothing after telling his jailor that he didn’t want to wear his civilian clothing to court. In order to prevail on this issue, Jeffers must establish that the appearance in jail clothing was involuntary, Bentley v. Crist, 469 F.2d 854, 856 (9th Cir.1972); that a juror would recognize the clothing as issued by a jail, United States v. Rogers, 769 F.2d 1418, 1422 (9th Cir.1985); and that the error was not harmless. Jeffers cannot meet his burden. The choice of apparel was his, the clothing was not readily identifiable, and the jury already knew that Jeffers had been incarcerated. During voir dire the jurors were informed of Jeffers’ efforts to escape from the Pima County Jail. We affirm the district court’s denial of habeas relief on this ground.

C. Sentencing Matters

1. Denial of an impartial sentencing tribunal

Jeffers contends that his constitutional rights were violated when he was *482 resentenced by Judge Birdsall, the judge who had originally sentenced him. After the initial sentencing, Judge Birdsall became the recipient of a “mail order blitz.” The Judge filed a complaint with the postal authorities and Jeffers’ name was provided to investigators as the likely source of the unwanted mailings. Jeffers admitted to his part in the mailings; the mail blitz ceased; and no charges were brought against Jeffers. At his later resentencing, Jeffers filed a motion for a new judge. An evidentiary hearing was held before a different judge and his motion was denied. The Arizona Supreme Court upheld the lower court’s findings that Jeffers had failed to establish bias. It also observed that bias caused by a defendant’s voluntary conduct ought not to be ground for disqualification.

The district court found that Jeffers had received a full and fair evidentiary hearing in state court and that there was, therefore, no need for an evidentiary hearing in federal court. After reviewing the evidence, the district court found that Judge Birdsall’s conduct fell short of any constitutional bias. We agree. We reject Jef-fers’ contention that there was an appearance of impropriety that required the district court to hold an evidentiary hearing. Jeffers was not treated unfairly in the circumstances he brought into being. The district court did not err in its ruling.

2. Application of the “especially heinous, cruel or depraved” aggravating circumstance

Jeffers contends that Arizona's statute prescribing the death penalty when the murder was committed in an “especially heinous, cruel, or depraved manner” is unconstitutionally vague on its face and as applied. See Ariz.Rev.Stat.Ann. § 13-703(F)(6) (1982). His argument that the statute is void on its face is foreclosed by our decision in Chaney v. Lewis, 801 F.2d 1191, 1194-96 (9th Cir.1986), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 107 S.Ct. 1911 , 95 L.Ed.2d 516 (1987). There, we rejected a similar challenge to the same statute, pointing out that “[although the statutory language is broad, as any murder could be considered cruel, heinous, or depraved, the Arizona Supreme Court need not construe the statute open-endedly.” Id. at 1195. In so stating, we were echoing the plurality opinion in Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 201 , 96 S.Ct. 2909, 2938 , 49 L.Ed.2d 859 (1976), where the Court upheld a Georgia statute providing a death penalty if a murder was “ ‘outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible or inhuman in that it involved torture, depravity of mind, or an aggravated battery to the victim.’ ” Id. (quoting Ga.Code Ann. § 27-2534.1(b)(7); see also Proffitt v. Florida, 428 U.S. 242, 255-56 , 96 S.Ct. 2960, 2968 , 49 L.Ed.2d 913 (1976) (plurality opinion).

In Chaney , we also stated that “[t]he Arizona Supreme Court appears to have sufficiently channeled sentencing discretion to prevent arbitrary and capricious capital sentencing decisions.” Chaney, 801 F.2d at 1195 . 1 Finally, we held that the death sentence imposed upon Chaney was consistent with the Arizona law as established by the Arizona Supreme Court: the murder was cruel because the victim suffered greatly, and was depraved because Chaney’s helpless victim (a sheriff's deputy) was shot in the back when Chaney could have made his escape without again shooting the victim. Id.

While Chaney establishes that the Arizona statute is not void on its face and is capable of constitutional application, it naturally does not answer the question whether the Arizona statute was constitutionally applied to Jeffers in this case. In *483 any individual application, the statute must not be so broadly construed that “[t]here is no principled way to distinguish this case, in which the death penalty was imposed, from the many cases in which it was not.” Godfrey v. Georgia, 446 U.S. 420, 433 , 100 S.Ct. 1759, 1767 , 64 L.Ed.2d 398 (1980) (plurality opinion). After reviewing the Arizona Supreme Court cases defining “especially heinous ... or depraved,” we conclude that Jeffers’ death sentence violated the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment. See id. at 423 , 100 S.Ct. at 1762 .

“Heinous” and “depraved” are inherently more difficult terms to define than is “cruel.” 2 The Arizona Supreme Court has defined cruelty to include the infliction of physical and mental pain on the victim. State v. Gretzler, 135 Ariz. 42, 51 , 659 P.2d 1, 10 , cert. denied, 461 U.S. 971 , 103 S.Ct. 2444 , 77 L.Ed.2d 1327 (1983). Especially cruel murders involve the senseless or sadistic infliction of great pain. State v. Lujan, 124 Ariz. 365, 372 , 604 P.2d 629, 636 (1979). In order to establish that a murder is especially cruel, the court must find beyond a reasonable doubt that the victim was conscious and able to suffer physical pain and mental anguish. Id. The Arizona Supreme Court held that such evidence was lacking in Jeffers’ case. State v. Jeffers, 135 Ariz. 404, 429 , 661 P.2d 1105, 1130 (1983). Jeffers’ death sentence accordingly rests on the application of the more elusive standard of murder committed in an “especially heinous ... or depraved manner.”

The Supreme Court of Arizona has adopted dictionary definitions of “heinous” as “hatefully or shockingly evil; grossly bad” and of “depraved” as “marked by debasement, corruption, perversion or deterioration.” State v. Knapp, 114 Ariz. 531, 543 , 562 P.2d 704, 716 (1977), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 908 , 98 S.Ct. 1458 , 55 L.Ed.2d 500 (1978). Both terms “go to the mental state and attitude of the perpetrator as reflected in his words and actions.” State v. Gretzler, 135 Ariz. at 51, 659 P.2d at 10 . In Gretzler , the Arizona Supreme Court set forth factors which lead to a finding of heinousness or depravity, with examples of all but one. They were:

Gretzler, 135 Ariz. at 52-53 , 659 P.2d at 11-12 . The last two factors, senselessness of the crime and helplessness of the victim, need not always lead to a finding that a murder is heinous or depraved, however. Id. at 53 , 659 P.2d at 12 ; See also State v. B. Smith, 146 Ariz. 491, 503 , 707 P.2d 289, 301 (1985).

Illumined as the above standard is by the case examples furnished by the Arizona Supreme Court, it seems to call for conduct or attitudes more shocking than those exhibited by Jeffers. We do not minimize Jeffers’ conduct; murder is a grisly affair and this one certainly qualifies. Nevertheless, the Arizona Court on more than one occasion has emphasized that, “because most first degree murders are cruel, heinous and depraved the statutorily required inquiry with respect to imposition of the death penalty is whether the conduct was especially cruel, heinous or depraved.” State v. Johnson, 147 Ariz. 395, 401 , 710 P.2d 1050, 1056 (1985); See State v. B. Smith, 146 Ariz. at 503 , 707 P.2d at 301 ; State v. Lujan, 124 Ariz. 365, 372 , 604 P.2d 629, 636 (1979). That Jeffers’ crime cannot meet this rigorous standard becomes even more apparent when his case is compared with those in which the Supreme Court of Arizona found that one or more of the components of heinousness and depravity had not been shown.

The Supreme Court of Arizona held that Jeffers had “relished” his crime:

Jeffers, 135 Ariz. at 430 , 661 P.2d at 1131 . Yet in State v. R.D. Smith, 138 Ariz. 79 , 673 P.2d 17 (1983), the Arizona Supreme Court held that a defendant had not been shown to have exhibited a heinous and depraved attitude when he had repeatedly raped the murder victim and had requested the playing of a tape “We are the Champions.” 5 Id. at 86 , 673 P.2d at 24 . And in State v. Graham, 135 Ariz. 209 , 660 P.2d 460 (1983), a defendant who shot his victim was not shown to have demonstrated a heinous or depraved attitude when he smiled and told his companion that the victim had “squealed like a rabbit” when shot. See also State v. Brookover, 124 Ariz. 38 , 601 P.2d 1322 (1979) (murder not committed in heinous or depraved manner when a defendant shot victim once in back, told groaning victim “Don’t worry * * * it will be over soon” and shot him again, placed victim’s body in victim's van and abandoned van at airport).

Of all of the components of heinousness and depravity set forth by the Arizona Supreme Court in Gretzler , none is more subjective than the relishing of the crime by the defendant. When remarks made by the defendant at the time of the crime are used to establish especial heinousness and depravity, the distinction between ordinary *485 and especial depravity must be clear in order to avoid arbitrary application of the standard. We conclude that the line is not clear in this case, and that Jeffers’ remarks provide “no principled way to distinguish this case, in which the death penalty was imposed, from the many cases in which it was not.” Godfrey v. Georgia, 446 U.S. 420, 433 , 100 S.Ct. 1759, 1767 , 64 L.Ed.2d 398 (1980) (plurality opinion). 6

The other factor that the Arizona Supreme Court relied upon to support a finding of heinousness or depravity was the infliction of gratuitous violence upon the victim after death. Jeffers climbed on top of the dead victim and hit her several times in the face, while making the remarks referred to above. Here again, the level of objectionable conduct was far below that in the case the Court principally relied on, State v. Ceja, 126 Ariz. 35 , 612 P.2d 491 (1980), and was wholly unaccompanied by mutilation in any meaningful sense of that term. We are unable to find a principled means of distinguishing the depravity of Jeffers’ conduct from that in State v. Watson, 120 Ariz. 441 , 586 P.2d 1253 (1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 924 , 99 S.Ct. 1254 , 59 L.Ed.2d 478 (1979) (robber in shootout shoots victim in back four times, the last time while victim is face down on floor; held not heinous or depraved), or State v. Poland, 144 Ariz. 388 , 698 P.2d 183 (1985), aff'd, 476 U.S. 147 , 106 S.Ct. 1749 , 90 L.Ed.2d 123 (1986) (evidence that victims, who may have been unconscious, were placed in weighted sacks and submerged in lake not sufficient to show heinousness or depravity). Nor, at the level of violence displayed by Jeffers, are we able to attach controlling significance to the fact that the victim had passed from unconsciousness to death by the time Jeffers inflicted the blows. 7 He displayed no state of mind that signifies a level of depravity greater than those found not to meet the definition of “especially heinous ... or depraved” in the cases last cited. 8

Because we conclude that the standard of heinousness and depravity delineated in prior Arizona cases cannot be applied in a principled manner to Jeffers, his death sentence must be struck down as arbitrary. See Godfrey, 446 U.S. 432 -33, 100 S.Ct. at 1767 . In so ruling, we are mindful of the recent decision of the United States Supreme Court in McCleskey v. Kemp, — U.S. -, 107 S.Ct. 1756 , 95 L.Ed.2d 262 (1987). There the Court stated that “absent a showing that the Georgia capital punishment system operates in an arbitrary and capricious manner, McCleskey cannot prove a constitutional violation by demonstrating that other defendants who may be similarly situated did not receive the death penalty.” Id. 107 S.Ct. at 1774. In further explanation, the Court quoted Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. at 199, 96 S.Ct. at 2937 , to the effect that “[njothing in any of our cases suggests that the decision to *486 afford an individual defendant mercy violates the Constitution.” Id.

Our ruling is not contrary to these principles. No acts of prosecutorial discretion or judicial clemency are involved in our comparisons. The Arizona cases upon which we rely are those establishing the minimum requirements for the aggravating factor of especial heinousness or depravity. While the Arizona Supreme Court is entitled to reweigh aggravating and mitigating factors in reviewing a capital case, e.g., State v. Johnson, 147 Ariz. 395, 400 , 710 P.2d 1050, 1055 (1985), that de novo assessment is not the purport of its rulings holding that particular conduct falls outside the standard of heinousness or depravity. Whether the conduct qualifies as heinous or depraved is a threshold issue, and the Arizona Supreme Court’s rulings on that issue are part of the process of defining the standard. 9 See Poland v. Arizona, 476 U.S. 147 , 106 S.Ct. 1749, 1755 , 90 L.Ed.2d 123 (1986) (“aggravating circumstances are not separate penalties or offenses but are ‘standards to guide the making of [the] choice’ between the alternative verdicts of death and life imprisonment.”) (quoting Bullington v. Missouri, 451 U.S. 430, 438 , 101 S.Ct. 1852, 1858 , 68 L.Ed.2d 270 (1981)). If the conduct is not heinous or depraved (and does not meet any of the other standards of aggravation), there is no opportunity for a discretionary act of mercy; state law then precludes the death penalty. Ariz.Rev.Stat.Ann. § 13-703(E) (1982). To apply the standard of especial heinousness and depravity to Jeffers case when the facts do not permit it is arbitrary or capricious, and is therefore an unconstitutional application of the standard. See Godfrey, 446 U.S. at 428 , 100 S.Ct. at 1764-65 ; Gretzler, 135 Ariz. at 50 , 659 P.2d at 9 (constitutional error may occur by court straying in an individual case from an otherwise constitutionally narrow construction). 10

We emphasize, therefore, the nature of our decision. We are not saying that Jef-fers’ conduct could not be punished by death under some different system of selecting penalties. Our ruling is simply that Arizona’s existing standard of aggravation for murder committed in an “especially heinous ... or depraved manner,” as that standard has been defined and applied by the Supreme Court of Arizona, cannot be extended to Jeffers’ case without losing its ability to distinguish in a principled manner between those it condemns to death and those it does not.

The writ must therefore issue to vacate Jeffers’ sentence on his murder conviction, subject to the state’s resentencing him consistently with the Constitution within a reasonable period of time. Our ruling makes it unnecessary for us to reach additional questions Jeffers raises concerning his death penalty. 11

*487 CONCLUSION

The judgment of the district court is affirmed insofar as it upholds Jeffers’ convictions of murder and aggravated assault, and his sentence on the assault conviction. The judgment is reversed insofar as it upholds Jeffers’ death sentence. The case is remanded to the district court with instructions to issue a writ with regard to Jeffers’ death sentence, subject to the State’s re-sentencing him within a reasonable period of time.

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.

. In Tison v. Arizona, — U.S. -, 107 S.Ct. 1676 , 95 L.Ed.2d 127 (1987), petitioners argued that Arizona had given an unconstitutionally broad construction to its aggravating factors in § 13-703. The Supreme Court held that the issue was not within the grant of certiorari, and expressed no opinion on it. Id. at-n. 2, 107 S.Ct. at 1682 n. 2.

The Tenth Circuit has recently held, en banc, that Oklahoma had failed to give an adequate narrowing construction to its aggravating factor of murder that is “especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel." Cartwright v. Maynard, 822 F.2d 1477 (10th Cir.1987) (en banc).

. This difficulty of definition is of major importance because Arizona, unlike some other states using similar standards, applies "heinous, cruel, or depraved” disjunctively. State v. Richmond, 136 Ariz. 312, 319 , 666 P.2d 57, 64 , cert. denied, 464 U.S. 986 , 104 S.Ct. 435 , 78 L.Ed.2d 367 (1983); see Cartwright v. Maynard, 822 F.2d 1477 (10th Cir.1987) (en banc) (disjunctive application of "especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel" struck down for lack of adequate narrowing construction); Rosen, The “Especially Heinous" Aggravating Circumstance in Capital Cases — The Standardless Standard, 64 No.Car.L. Rev. 941, 980-82 (1986). Problems of definition are considerably reduced under the Arizona standard when the facts of a case suggest both cruelty and depravity. See, e.g., Chaney, 801 F.2d at 1195 ; Woratzek v. Ricketts, 820 F.2d 1450, 1458 (9th Cir.1987) (amended opinion).

. Because there are several Arizona death penalty cases entitled State v. Smith, we have added initials to the Smith surnames.

. The facts regarding Jeffers’ conduct are drawn entirely from the testimony of Van der Veer, who testified under a grant of immunity. See State v. R.D. Smith, 138 Ariz. 79, 87 , 673 P.2d 17, 25 (1983) (Feldman, J., concurring and dissenting) (questioning death penalty imposed on strength of testimony of accomplice testifying under immunity), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1074 , 104 S.Ct. 1429 , 79 L.Ed.2d 753 (1984).

. The murder was found to have been especially cruel however, and the death sentence was accordingly affirmed. Id. R.D. Smith, 138 Ariz. at 85 , 673 P.2d at 23 .

. In rejecting Jeffers’ petition, the district court referred to the fact that Jeffers had forced Van der Veer to choke the dead victim while he took pictures. This fact was not relied upon as evidence of depravity by either the sentencing court or the Arizona Supreme Court. Van der Veer testified that Jeffers told her the reason he was taking the pictures was to have proof that Van der Veer had been an accomplice.

. It is not clear that the Arizona Supreme Court placed importance on the fact that the victim was dead rather than unconscious at the time of the blows. In discussing the much greater level of gratuitous violence in State v. Ceja, the Court referred to repeated violence "although the victim was already unconscious or dead.” Jeffers, 135 Ariz. at 430 , 661 P.2d at 1131 (emphasis added). But see State v. Richmond, 136 Ariz. 312 , 666 P.2d 57 , cert. denied, 464 U.S. 986 , 104 S.Ct. 435 , 78 L.Ed.2d 367 (1983), in which a majority of the Court (two concurring and one dissenting Justices) held the view that twice driving over a victim would not demonstrate depravity if the perpetrator had no way of knowing that the first run was sufficient to kill. Id. at 323, 324, 666 P.2d at 68, 69 .

.The Arizona Supreme Court found it unnecessary to rule on whether Jeffers’ disposing of the body in a shallow grave three days after the murder constituted further evidence df depravity. We fail to see how this action of Jeffers can be differentiated from placing a victim alive in a weighted sack and sinking the sack into a lake, see Poland, 144 Ariz. 388 , 698 P.2d 183 (1985), aff'd, 476 U.S. 147 , 106 S.Ct. 1749 , 90 L.Ed.2d 123 (1986), or abandoning the victim’s body in the victim’s own van, see Brookover, 124 Ariz. 38 , 601 P.2d 1322 (1979), both of which were held not to demonstrate depravity.

. If the Arizona Supreme Court’s rulings on aggravation were simple de novo applications of the bare phrases "heinous" and "depraved," rather than being part of a process of narrowing construction, the sentencing system would probably be invalid for lack of standards offering sufficient guidance in determining who should be sentenced to death. See Gregg, 428 U.S. at 198, 200-03 , 96 S.Ct. at 2937 , Chaney, 801 F.2d at 1195 . We consequently are reviewing the Arizona Supreme Court’s definition and application of a standard. For that reason, we disagree with the views of the dissenting opinion that an examination of comparable Arizona cases should not be necessary, and that our review is confined to determining whether a rational fact-finder could have determined Jeffers’ crime to have been heinous or depraved.

. Because we conclude that the application of the Arizona standard to Jeffers would violate the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments, within the meaning of Godfrey and Gretzler , the writ may issue under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d)(7) against Jeffers’ death sentence. Jeffers’ attack, and our analysis, is on the structure of the standard as applied to Jeffers. See Chaney, 801 F.2d at 1194 (“since Chaney’s claim raises no factual issues, his challenge to the constitutionality of the Arizona death penalty statute as applied is a purely legal question”). We are not dealing here with a simple finding of fact of the Arizona Court, which binds us if fairly supported in the record. See id,, at § 2254(d)(8); Woratzeck v. Ricketts, 820 F.2d 1450, 1458 (9th Cir.1987) (amended opinion).

.Among other issues, Jeffers contends that he is entitled to jury determinations of aggravating and mitigating factors. He is not. See Spaziano v. Florida, 468 U.S. 447, 460 , 104 S.Ct. 3154, 3162 , 82 L.Ed.2d 340 (1984) (trial judge may override jury’s recommendation of life imprisonment and sentence defendant to death).