concurring in part and dissenting in part:

I think the panel errs in granting rehearing. 1 Much of the revised opinion is sound but I must respectfully dissent from the reversal in Part II of the denial of summary judgment on the basis that Bergna was entitled to qualified immunity on Finkel-stein’s first amendment claim. First, the law was clear that a deputy prosecutor’s first amendment rights could not be infringed by disciplinary action. At the time of Finkelstein’s suspension, the law clearly prohibited Bergna’s action. Second, I must say I am at a loss to understand how the majority can agree that the law was clear that Finkelstein as a deputy prosecutor had a protected property interest in his job that would preclude his discipline without a pre-deprivation hearing but that the law was not clear that his job was of such a nature that his boss could not infringe his first amendment rights by suspending him without such a hearing.

I. Finkelstein’s Property Interest in His Employment

In the due process analysis in the majority opinion in Part I, we note that “Bergna concedes that Finkelstein has a property interest in his job under California law.” See supra at 1451. Not only California, Cal.Lab.Code §§ 1101-1102 (West 1989), 2 but Santa Clara County, Finkelstein’s employer, specifically grants Finkelstein as deputy district attorney a property interest in his employment. As a civil service employee, Finkelstein did not serve at the pleasure of the elected District Attorney, Bergna, and could be disciplined only for cause. He could not be disciplined for political beliefs.

Article VII of the Santa Clara County Charter and Code in force in 1982 governed the county’s personnel matters. Section 700 laid the ground rules:

These rules govern the county’s employment actions, including disciplinary action, *1455 involving classified employees, but not unclassified employees. Section 701 lists “the” district attorney as an unclassified position. Santa Clara County Charter & Code § 701(a)(1) (1976) (“All elective county officers”). However, deputy district attorneys are classified employees. Id. § 701(b) (“The classified service shall comprise all positions not specifically included by this article in the unclassified service.”).

Finkelstein alleges in paragraph 1 of his second amended complaint that as deputy district attorney he was a permanent Santa Clara County employee in the classified service. Bergna admits this allegation in his answer and has agreed that Finkelstein has a property interest in his job.

II. Disciplinary Action

Bergna is not entitled to qualified immunity if the “contours” of Finkelstein’s first amendment right are “sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.” Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 , 107 S.Ct. 3034, 3039 , 97 L.Ed.2d 523 (1987). “[I]n the light of pre-existing law the unlawfulness must be apparent.” Id.

As the majority states, it was clearly established that Bergna could not discipline Finkelstein, as a public employee, solely for exercising his first amendment rights on matters of public concern. See Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Bd. of Education v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274 , 97 S.Ct. 568 , 50 L.Ed.2d 471 (1977); Pickering v. Board of Education, 391 U.S. 563 , 88 S.Ct. 1731 , 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968). The majority also correctly asserts that suspensions are not exempt from this rule and that the first amendment protection extends to “disciplinary action discouraging a particular candidate’s bid for elective office.” See supra at 1453.

I part ways with the majority where it concludes that the law was not clearly established in 1982 that the first amendment protected a deputy prosecutor, particularly one who was protected from disciplinary action for his political opinions by the county’s own rules. The majority seems to interpret the case law as excluding prosecutors as a class from the general rule that public employees cannot be disciplined for exercising their first amendment rights. That interpretation is unjustified. The crucial issue is not what broad job category the employee falls into; it is what role the employee plays as defined by the public employer.

For Bergna to be exempt from liability, his discipline of Finkelstein “must further some vital government end by a means that is least restrictive of freedom of belief and association in achieving that end, and the benefit to be gained must outweigh the loss of constitutionally protected rights.” Elrod v. Burns, 427 U.S. 347, 363 , 96 S.Ct. 2673, 2685 , 49 L.Ed.2d 547 (1976) (plurality opinion). The burden rests on the public employer to prove that the employee holds a policy-making position that restricts his right to speak out on a particular matter. Id. at 368 , 96 S.Ct. at 2687 . The Elrod plurality cited “the need for political loyalty ... to the end that representative government not be undercut by tactics obstructing the implementation of policies of the new administration, policies presumably sanctioned by the electorate.” Id. at 367 , 96 S.Ct. at 2687 . It concluded that limiting discipline “to policymaking positions is sufficient to achieve this governmental end.” Id. Justices Stewart and Blackmun agreed with the plurality on this point, concluding that “a nonpolicymaking, nonconfidential government employee [cannot] be discharged or threatened with discharge from a job that he is satisfactorily performing upon the sole ground of his political beliefs.” Id. at 375 , 96 S.Ct. at 2690 (Stewart, J., concurring).

The Elrod plurality addressed the defining characteristics of a policymaking employee. “The nature of the responsibilities is critical_ An employee with responsibilities that are not well defined or are of broad scope more likely functions in a poli-cymaking position.... [Consideration should also be given to whether the employee acts as an adviser or formulates plans for the implementation of broad goals.” Id. at 367-68 , 96 S.Ct. at 2687 . In Branti v. Finkel, 445 U.S. 507, 518 , 100 *1456 S.Ct. 1287, 1295 , 63 L.Ed.2d 574 (1980), the Court further clarified, contrary to the majority’s position, that “the ultimate inquiry is not whether the label ‘policymaker’ or ‘confidential’ fits a particular position; rather, the question is whether the hiring authority can demonstrate that party affiliation [or political belief] is an appropriate requirement for the effective performance of the public office involved.”

If a public employer gives an employee a property interest in her employment, defining the relationship by statute or regulation, the disciplinary measures available to ensure loyalty are limited necessarily to enforcement in conformity with the agreed employment terms. The disciplinary measures available to enforce loyalty against an employee who has no property interest in her job obviously are much broader. Including persons within the Elrod exception for whom the public employer has deemed such disciplinary measures unnecessary does not promote the exception’s purpose. Such an employer cannot meet Branti’s requirement that the employer demonstrate that the employee’s political loyalty is necessary to effective job performance. Branti, 445 U.S. at 518 , 100 S.Ct. at 1294 . The employer’s employment policy instead conclusively demonstrates the opposite; the employer has found that the employee’s functions do not require the loyalty implicated by Elrod. See Newcomb v. Brennan, 558 F.2d 825, 830 (7th Cir.1977) (city’s exemption of city attorney from civil service was “presumably” because it required his absolute loyalty). A corollary of Elrod , then, is that public employees given a property interest in their employment necessarily do not fall within Elrod’s exception to the rule against discipline because of political activity.

Two circuit court decisions applying El-rod lend strength to my disagreement with the majority’s reading of the case law. Although both courts decided in favor of the defendant, their reasoning put government officials like Bergna on notice that they could not discipline subordinates who lacked policymaking power for political reasons. In looking only at the cases’ results and not at how the courts reach those results, the majority misunderstands the policy behind Elrod and misconceives the nature of the qualified immunity inquiry.

The more recent case, Mummau v. Ranch, 687 F.2d 9 (3d Cir.1982), held that an assistant district attorney qualified for the Elrod exception. The third circuit affirmed the district court relying on the type of analysis set out in Ness v. Marshall, 660 F.2d 517 (3d Cir.1981). In holding that Mayor Marshall could dismiss the plaintiffs — a city solicitor, an assistant city solicitor, and a second assistant city solicitor— because of political party affiliation, the Ness court examined the solicitors’ duties as defined in the city’s administrative code. Id. at 521 . They were appointed by and served at the pleasure of the mayor, i.e., they had no property interest in their jobs. They advised and represented the city in its legal matters; they did not serve as prosecutors. These responsibilities involved the solicitors in policymaking and “broad administrative roles.” Id. (quoting district court memorandum decision). Although the Ness court affirmed a summary judgment for the defendant government officials, the court noted that summary judgment is not appropriate where evidence exists that supports the employee’s claim to a nonpolicymaking role, especially since the government bears the burden of proving a policymaking role. Id. at 522 . Mummau relies on Ness’s case-by-case approach and on the district court’s determination that “Pennsylvania statutory and case law relating to the obligations of Pennsylvania’s district attorneys and their assistants” justified finding that the plaintiffs fit the poli-cymaking description. Id. at 10 . An assistant district attorney in Pennsylvania has duties consonant with the district attorney, which include “render[ing] legal advice implementing policy.” Mummau v. Ranck, 531 F.Supp. 402, 404-05 (E.D.Pa.1982).

The other case on which the majority relies differs from the case before us in crucial respects. Newcomb v. Brennan, 558 F.2d 825 (7th Cir.1977). Newcomb, a deputy city attorney, decided to run for Congress. Brennan, who as the city attor *1457 ney was Newcomb’s superior, told New-comb that he would fire him if he did not withdraw from the race. When Newcomb persisted, Brennan followed through on his threat.

After finding that the first amendment protected Newcomb’s “interest in seeking office,” the court agreed with the district court’s finding that Newcomb was a policymaker. Newcomb was exempt from civil service. Id. at 827 . The city code and charter imposed upon deputy city attorneys all of the duties of the city attorney, “including conducting all the law business of the city, drafting ordinances, and supervising assistant city attorneys.” Id. at 829 . Newcomb was also in line to succeed the Mayor if a vacancy occurred. Id. The court concluded that these facts “clearly established that [Newcomb’s] duties were of the ‘broad scope’ which the Elrod Court equated with a policymaking function.” Id.

The court also held that the city’s interest in being able to dismiss Newcomb outweighed Newcomb’s first amendment rights. Id. at 830. The court described Newcomb’s role as “highly discretionary.” Id. Many of his decisions would implement the city attorney’s policies, and some would actually create policy. The court concluded that these responsibilities required a deputy city attorney’s absolute loyalty, surmising that “[i]t is presumably for this reason that the ... City Charter and City Code permit the city attorney unfettered discretion to select his deputy and exclude the position of deputy city attorney from the civil service tenure which lesser attorneys in the city attorney’s office receive.” Id.

The majority seeks to apply Elrod’s exception to prosecutors as a category and cites Newcomb in support. While focusing on Newcomb’s result, the majority totally ignores the Newcomb court’s reasoning on the qualified immunity claim. Like the Third Circuit in Mummau, the Newcomb court did a functional analysis of the plaintiffs job responsibilities. It did not assume, as the majority does, that all persons with a particular broad job label, like “prosecutor,” are excepted from the general rule against discipline because of exercise of first amendment rights. The Seventh Circuit looked specifically at the city’s code and charter to determine exactly what Newcomb’s responsibilities were and whether they demonstrated that the city considered him a policymaker. Both Ness and Newcomb relied on the plaintiffs’ exemption from civil service, and Mummau relied on the statute to define plaintiff’s employment status. In other words, by distinguishing persons specifically given a property interest in their employment by statute or regulation, these cases strongly support the conclusion that a public employee such as Finkelstein is not a policymaker falling within the Elrod exception if his employer guarantees him a property interest in his job.

Finkelstein’s employment status differs markedly from the plaintiffs’ in Ness, New-comb, and Mummau. Finkelstein has a property interest in his job guaranteed him by the county charter governing his employer, the county. Santa Clara County’s Code and Charter prohibits discriminating against him on the basis of political opinion. California law also prohibited any effort on Bergna’s part to restrain Finkel-stein’s candidacy. The plaintiffs in Ness and Newcomb did not have such a property interest, nor did Mummau.

On an even more elementary level, not even Newcomb’s result supports the majority’s use of the case to the effect that existing case law excluded all prosecutors from property interests in their jobs. The majority states that Newcomb is particularly on point factually; it is not. In addition to Newcomb being exempt from civil service, he was not a prosecutor of any kind, assistant or otherwise. He served as the city’s counsel, which did not include prose-cutorial duties. There is a significant difference between the responsibilities of a city’s counsel, representing and advancing the city’s interests, and a prosecutor, an officer of the court charged with doing justice under the criminal law.

The majority concludes that a footnote in Branti, 445 U.S. at 519 n. 13, lOO.S.Ct. at 1295 n. 13, demonstrates that the law re *1458 garding prosecutors was unsettled at the time of Finkelstein’s suspension. See supra at 1453. Branti held that the county could not dismiss assistant public defenders on the basis of political party affiliation. The court stated that “[t]he primary, if not the only, responsibility of an assistant public defender is to represent individual citizens in controversy with the State.” Id. at 507 , 100 S.Ct. at 1289 . In the footnote to this sentence, the Court noted, “This is in contrast to the broader public responsibilities of an official such as a prosecutor. We express no opinion as to whether the deputy of such an official could be dismissed on grounds of political party affiliation or loyalty.” Id. n. 13.

Contrary to the inferences the majority draws from this footnote, the Court, although implying that the prosecutor “with broader public responsibilities” than public defenders might be in a different category from them, clearly separated out the deputy prosecutors as different from the chief prosecutor. Probably no inferences should be drawn from the footnote one way or another, certainly not those that the majority would draw. The footnote simply notes that the issue is not before the Court so it has no occasion to decide the issue — nothing in the opinion should be taken to reflect a specific position on the issue. It does nothing to settle or unsettle the law. Essentially, the only relevance of the Supreme Court’s nondecision is that the chief prosecuting attorney remains subject to liability for violations of his assistants’ first amendment rights under the case-by-case inquiry mandated by Elrod and applied in Ness, Mummau, and Newcomb .

Neither Branti, Mummau, nor New-comb support the majority’s understanding of the law. Finkelstein’s status as a deputy prosecutor does not automatically give Bergna qualified immunity. The law was well settled on this point at the time of the suspension. Neither has Bergna justified the majority’s grant of qualified immunity at the summary judgment stage on the facts. Bergna must present evidence that would lead us to conclude as a matter of law that Finkelstein was in a policymaking position in order for us to find that the district court erred in denying summary judgment. The majority’s holding granting qualified immunity to Bergna on summary judgment is difficult to understand in the face of Finkelstein’s evidence that he had a property interest in his job, which Bergna has conceded, and that he was not a policy-making employee. On the other hand, the record reveals that Bergna, who has the burden of proof, has offered no evidence to support the position that Finkelstein is a policymaker. In fact, he has conceded Finkelstein’s factual allegation by agreeing that Finkelstein has a property interest in his employment.

Although the majority’s grant of summary judgment to the party who has presented no evidence and against the party whose crucial factual allegation is conceded amazes me, I find even more inexplicable the majority’s first amendment analysis in light of its due process analysis. In the majority’s view, Finkelstein has a property interest in his job, so Bergna cannot deprive him of that interest by violating his due process rights. Bergna can, however, deprive him of his property interest by violating his first amendment rights. This makes no sense. If the county has seen fit to grant him that property interest, specifically prohibiting discipline because of his political activities, how can the majority justify a diametrically opposed finding that the county must consider his loyalty so important that it should be able to suspend Finkelstein for political activity, even if it violates Finkelstein’s constitutional rights? Either he has a property interest in his job that entitles him to a hearing before suspension or he has no such property interest. The majority takes away in the first amendment analysis that which it has rendered in the due process analysis.

CONCLUSION

The initial panel opinion was flawed in its reasoning in that it relied on Connick, a case that post-dated the events in this case, to support its holding that the law was well-established. However, pre-Connick law was well-established, although not as nicely packaged as in Connick. On the *1459 facts of this case where the county charter and code spells out Finkelstein’s role and his rights as deputy prosecutor, including his first amendment rights and property right in his job, the parties and the majority agree he has a property right in his job. The majority agrees that he is entitled to a hearing before suspension from his job and that the law was well settled on this point. On these facts, to grant qualified immunity to Bergna at the summary judgment stage on the first amendment claim is extraordinary, illogical, and wrong. I would affirm the district court.

. I would amend the original opinion to rely on other support than Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138 , 103 S.Ct. 1684 , 75 L.Ed.2d 708 (1983), but the result should remain the same and the essential reasoning is sound.

. Section 1101 reads:

Section 1102 reads: