I concur in the judgment on the grounds stated in the opinion which I have heretofore delivered in this case.

Mr. Justice Wallace being - disqualified, did not sit in these cases.

[The opinion to which Mr. Justice Crockett refers in his concurring opinion was filed at the April Term, 1868, and was concurred in by Sawyer, C. J., Sanderson, J., Rhodes, J., and Sprague, J. The Court afterwards granted a rehearing, and the foregoing opinion was delivered after reargument. The following is the opinion delivered at the April Term, 1868, and to which reference is made as containing the facts of the case. The first three head notes cover the points on which both opinions agree. After a rehearing the first opinion is understood to be no longer the opinion of the Court, unless it is adopted in the subsequent opinion.— Reporter.]

The respondent, Poppe, brought ejectment against the appellant Athearn to recover a tract of land in San Joaquin County, in which action an answer was filed denying title in the plaintiff, and setting up title in fee in the defendant. During the pendency of this action the defendant filed his bill in equity against the plaintiff, setting forth in substance that the land in contest, which is the southeast quarter of section eleven, township four north, range eight east, was, in the year 1850, in the actual and exclusive occupation of *611 Elliott and Loring; that Loring conveyed his interest in the tract to Elliott, and in 'March, 1852, Elliott conveyed to Vance; that Vance was the owner of a school land warrant issued under the Act to provide for the disposal of the five hundred thousand acres to which this State became entitled under the Act of Congress of April 4th, 1841; that in accordance with the Act of the Legislature, Vance located his warrant on the land in contest; that subsequently the United States caused the land to be surveyed and sectionized, and the plat of the survey was filed in the proper United States Land Office on the 5th December, 1855; that on the 10th March, 1856, Vance applied to the proper United States Register to locate his warrant on the quarter section in dispute; that the location was approved by the Register, who, on that day, issued his certificate to that effect to Vance, and the warrant was thereupon surrendered and canceled; that Vance afterwards assigned the certificate to the appellant Athearn, who, on the 8th January, 1862, obtained a patent from the State; that in 1851 the respondent Poppe occupied for a time a cabin on this tract, as the tenant of Elliott and Loring, but in September, 1852, left the cabin and moved into a house he had built on the adjoining quarter in section ten, where he continued to reside until October, 1855, when he sold his improvements on section ten and moved back to the quarter section in contest on section eleven, into a house he had erected thereon, and on the 16th April, 1856, filed in the proper Land Office a notice of his intention to claim as a preemptor the quarter section in contest; that by the laws of the United States he was not entitled to preempt the land, and the appellant was entitled to hold it under .his school land warrant; but notwithstanding all the facts above stated and with a full knowledge of them, the Secretary of the Interior, in violation of law, awarded the land to the respondent as a preemptor, who subsequently, in 1863, obtained from the United States a patent therefor; that the respondent is *612 in possession of forty-seven acres, and the appellant of the remainder of the quarter section, on which he has erected permanent and valuable improvements.; that the respondent had commenced an action of ejectment against the appellant to recover the whole quarter section, relying on the patent from the United States as conclusive evidence of title;' that said patent is a cloud on appellant’s title, and was fraudulently obtained and issued in violation of law. The prayer of the complaint is that the respondent be decreed to release his title to the appellant, and for an injunction against the ejectment suit.

The answer denies the possession of Elliott and Loring, the deraignment of title from them to appellant, the issuing of the school land warrant and the location thereof by Vance; it also denied that the respondent ever occupied the land as the tenant of Elliott and Loring, or that the township plat was filed in the Land Office on the 5th December, 1855, or at any time earlier than March 1st, 1856. Li short, it denies every material averment of the complaint, and sets up, as affirmative matter, that he settled upon the land as a preemptor and was entitled by law to preempt it, and, after complying with the requirements of the law in that respect, obtained his patent therefor; that appellant contested his rights before the Land Department, and that all questions of fact in regard to the settlement, residence, and bona fides of the respondent were heard and decided by the proper officers of the United States; after which hearing the land was awarded to the respondent; and thereafter the appellant, by peij ury and fraud, procured a patent to be issued to him by the State of California.

The two actions were heard together before the Court without a jury.

In its findings the Court finds that there was no fraud on the part of Poppe in obtaining his patent, and also the following facts:

As a conclusion of law, the Court finds that Poppe is entitled to judgment for the possession, and for the value of the rents, and judgment was entered accordingly.

The appellant moved to correct the findings, and submitted to the Court a series of findings, which, in the main, were not only different from, but, in some respects, contradictory to the findings of the Court. The Court refused to change or modify its findings, and the appellant excepted.

A motion for new trial was made by appellant, which was denied by the Court, and the case comes here on appeal from the judgment as well as from the order denying the motion for new trial.

The first point to be considered is, whether or not Athearn can appeal to a Court of equity, upon the facts stated in his complaint, to revise the decision of the Secretary of the Interior in respect to the preliminary steps which were necessary to be performed by Poppe to entitle him to a patent on his application for a preemption.

In cases of fraud there can be no doubt that a Court of equity will give relief, hot only when the officers of the Government have been parties to the fraud, but also when they have been made the innocent instruments of perpetrating a wrong by means of the fraudulent practices of others. Hence it has been held that when the United States Register and Receiver have been imposed upon by false affidavits or perjured witnesses, whereby the land has been awarded and patented to the wrong person, the Courts will interfere and redress the wrong. Otherwise there could be no relief in *615 such cases. (Garland v. Wynn, 20 How. 6 ; Lytle v. State of Arkansas, 22 How. 192 .) But even in cases of fraud the Court will not, in a collateral action, go behind the patent to inquire into the regularity or sufficiency of the preliminary proceedings, except at the instance of an adverse claimant, who has acquired an equity in the land which entitles him to protection. Whenever such equities exist, a Court of equity will look behind the patent and award the legal title to the party holding the oldest and best equity.

Even in actions at law, where there are conflicting patents for the same land, the Court will go behind the patents to ascertain which party had the prior equity; and if the junior patent is founded on the prior equity, it will take effect by relation from the time when the equity accrued, and override an older patent founded on a junior equity. (Ross v. Barland, 1 Pet. 655 ; Bagnall v. Broderick, 13 Pet. 436 ; Smith v. Athearn, 34 Cal. 506 .)

In the case under consideration, Athearn had the oldest patent, founded on his school land warrant, which was located on the 10th of March, 1856, after the lands had been duly surveyed. In the action of ejectment, without the aid of a hill in equity, the production of his patent and proof of the location of the warrant, after the survey, would have established a prima facie case as against Poppe’s junior patent, standing alone, and without proof of the preliminary acts on which the patent was founded.

This rendered it necessary for Poppe to support his patent by proof of the preliminary steps, in order to show that, before the location of the school land warrant, he had acquired an equity in the land which exempted it from location under the school land warrant.

It was, therefore, competent and proper for the Court to hear proof on that subject, in order to ascertain which party had the prior equity. To establish Poppe’s prior equity, it was incumbent on him to show at what date he *616 commenced to perform the series of acts which culminated in his patent. The patent itself, without further proof, raises a presumption that he possessed the proper status as a preemptioner, and had performed the necessary acts to entitle him to a patent; but it raises no presumption as to the time at which the performance of the acts commenced; and all the presumptions arising from the patent were liable to be rebutted by proof.

In respect to the time at which Poppe performed the first act, the Court finds that he “ settled upon ” the land in August, 1851, and from that time up to the trial had been in the exclusive possession of forty-seven acres of the tract. It does not find that he ever resided on the tract, unless that is to be inferred from the term “ settled upon,” nor does it find that he erected a dwelling house, or other improvements, or ever cultivated any portions of the premises.

The incipient steps toward a valid preemption claim are that the party shall “ cultivate and improve the same,” and “ shall erect a dwelling thereon.” This is expressly required by the tenth section of the Act of Congress of September 4th, 1841. Without a performance of these acts there can be no valid foundation of a preemption claim.

But although the findings are silent on these points, the “Act to regulate appeals in this State,” approved May 20th, 1861 (Stats. 1861, p. 589), which was in force when this case was tried, provides that “in cases tried by the Court, without a jury, no judgment shall be reversed for want of a finding, or for a defective finding of the facts, unless exceptions be made in the Court below to the finding or the want of a finding;” and the statute points out how defective findings may be remedied.

In construing this statute we have repeatedly held that where the findings are silent as to material facts necessary to support the judgment, and no effort is made to correct them, we will presume in aid of 'the judgment that the *617 necessary facts were proved, unless the contrary appears. {Hidden v. Jordan, 28 Cal. 301 ; Lucas v. San Francisco, 28 Cal. 591 ; James v. Williams, 31 Cal. 213 ; Lyons v. Leimbach, 29 Cal. 139 .)

It follows that if Athearn intended to controvert the fact that Poppe had resided upon the land, and erected a dwelling thereon, prior to the time when Vance’s equity accrued, and if he believed that these facts were not proved on the trial, he should have moved to correct the findings in that respect; and if the Court refused to find at all on the point, or found contrary to the evidence, the statute points out the remedy.

But as the case is now presented, we must assume, in support of the judgment, that these essential facts were proved, inasmuch as Athearn did not except to the findings in this particular.

In this view of the case it would be our duty to affirm the judgment, if no error had occurred in denying the motion for new trial.

But the Court finds facts sufficient to show that the township plat was filed in the office of the Register and Receiver on the 5th of December, 1855; and it finds as a further fact that the Register and Receiver, “ on the 15th of February, 1856, gave notice through the public press,” for the first time, that all persons claiming preemption rights upon any of the lands in that township should appear and file their notice of preemption on or before the 15th of May, 1856.

One of the grounds for new trial was that the Court failed to find it as a fact that the township plat was filed in the office of the Register and Receiver on the 5th December, 1855, and that there was no evidence to "support the finding that the Register and Receiver published the notice on the 15th February, 1856, as set forth in the finding.

*618 These grounds for a new trial were well taken. Instead of finding distinctly, as it should have done on the evidence, at what date the township plat was filed, the Court only reports the evidence on that point; and in respect to the publication of the notice by the Register and Receiver to preemptioners, we find no evidence whatever in the record to support the finding on that branch of the case. These were material facts, which may be decisive of the action; for if the township plat was filed on the 5th December, 1855, and notice thereof was immediately given by the Register and Receiver, then the notice of his intention to claim a preemption, which was filed by Poppe on the 15th April, 1856, came too late. The Act of Congress of March 3d, 1853, regulating the survey of public lands in California, provides that the declaratory statement must be filed within three months after the return of the township plat to the Land Office, and there is no authority in the Land Department to dispense with this condition. (Megerle v. Ashe, 33 Cal. 74 .)

It was, therefore, a most material fact to ascertain whether or not Poppe’s notice was filed within the proper time; and in order to do this, it is necessary to ascertain with certainty when the township plat was filed, and when the notice to preemptioners was published—if any such notice was published; of which fact, however, there is no proof in the record.

For the reasons stated above the Court below ought to have granted the motion for a new trial.

The counsel for the respondent has pressed upon our consideration, with much earnestness, the proposition that both the appellant, and the respondent having appeared before the United States Land Department, and litigated their respective rights, the appellant is estopped thereby from requiring further proof that the respondent has the prior equity to the land.

*619 We deem it proper to say for the guidance of the District Court on another trial, that we do not acquiesce in this view of the law. The Land Department had no power to adjudicate the rights of the appellant. After his warrant was located and canceled, and the location approved by the Register, the equity of the appellant attached; and it was not in the power of the Land Department to detract from or add to his rights. His appearance before the Land officers of the United States could confer upon them no jurisdiction, where none existed by law. (Megerle v. Ashe, supra.) It follows that their decision was not obligatory upon him, and so far as it affected his rights was coram non judice.

Judgment and order denying a new trial reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial.