Deceased died at Monte Carlo, Monaco, April 26, 1884, being then a resident of San Francisco, and leaving property in that city and county. He left a will, executed and published in this state on the 19th of May, 1883, which was duly probated in San Francisco, a portion whereof reads: “ Item 6. I give and bequeath unto my relatives residing in Germany one thousand (1,000) shares of the stock of the Bank of California, the same to be sold by my executors at or as soon after my decease as is practicable, for its reasonable value, and the proceeds to be divided as follows, tc wit:—

Subsequent to the execution of the will in California, decedent left for Europe, and at Rottweil, Wurtemburg, *128 on the 17th of August, 1883, made a supplemental will, or codicil, portions whereof read:— •

On application for distribution of the proceeds of the-bank stock,—which had been sold by the executors by order of the court,—the superior court found that no part of such proceeds had been paid to Mathilde Zeile, sister of testator, or to Marie M: Hummel, daughter of testator’s sister, Mrs. Maier, or to Karl Froescher, son of the *130 sister of testator, Mrs. Froescher. Also that the sum .bequeathed to Marie M. Hummel, appellant, by the Eottweil will, or codicil, was more than her share of the proceeds of the bank stock.

And the court held that the sums of money bequeathed by the Eottweil will, or codicil, to the persons mentioned in item 6 of the California will were intended by the testator to be, and were, “ advancements,” within the meaning of the term as used in item 6, and should be deducted from the legacies given to the same persons in that item.

The superior court treated the legacies given by item 6 of the California will as “ specific legacies,” and no question has been made by either party as to the correctness of that ruling. The thousand shares of bank stock were to be sold by the executors, and the proceeds divided among the legatees named. The dividends collected by the executors were incidents to the stock, and were, of ■conrse, to be distributed in like proportions with the proceeds of sale. The will did not merely provide that sums of money should be distributed to the legatees, payable primarily out of the fund arising from the sale. The legacies were not merely demonstrative: they were specific; if the shares of stock had become worthless, the legatees would have been entitled to nothing..

There is no question of ademption, in the strict sense, here. The specific thing has never been taken away; the bank stock continued to be a portion of testator’s property until his death, and was a part of his estate afterward.

But the first question, as applied to this appeal, is, What was the specific legacy left to Marie M. Hummel?

The legacy to her was not of one eighth (¿) of the proceeds of the one thousand shares of bank stock, absolutely; but of one eighth, less the amount of any “ advancements ” the testator might “personally make” to her after the execution of the California will.

*131 Whatever the nature of the “ advancements,” they were to be personal acts of Frederick Zeile in his lifetime.

It would seem plain, also, that, whether or not the execution of a will containing provisions like those last above recited was intended by the testator—when the California will was made — to constitute an “ advancement ” to appellant of an amount equal to the legacy to her named in such an instrument, must depend upon the language of the California will, and the effect of oral testimony, if any, properly admissible, to explain the intent of the testator when the California will was made.

Whether the legacy to appellant in the first instrument was satisfied by a bequest in the subsequent instrument (intended as a substitute for that legacy) is a different question. The California will was republished at Eottweil, and all its provisions reaffirmed and ratified.

Unless the term “ advancements ” of itself included a legacy mentioned in a subsequent codicil, or the language of the second instrument, in connection with, that of the first,— or of such language with oral testimony, properly admitted, to explain the first instrument,— shows the testator intended the second legacy to be in substitution or satisfaction for the legacy in the California will, the second legacy must be held to be cumulative. It is well settled — except where the two legacies are for the same sum, and both testamentary instruments express the same motive for the gift — that, where a testator gives a legacy of quantity, simpliciter, and also a second legacy of quantity to the same legatee, the second legacy is regarded as cumulative, and not as substitutionary, unless the language of the second will or codicil shows an intent to the contrary.

Whether the testator meant when he used the word “ advancement ” that any legacy he might give in a subsequent will or codicil to one of the persons named in item 6 should be deemed an advancement is to be determined by reference to the language of the California *132 will, and the evidence showing the circumstances surrounding the deceased when he made that will.

Whether, when he provided a legacy for appellant in the Eottweil will, he intended the same as a substitute for the legacy left her in the California will, and not as cumulative, is to be determined by reference to the language of the Eottweil will, or of the Eottweil and California wills together, in the light of the testator’s then surroundings, and of events (so far as evidence of such was admissible) which preceded its execution.

Prior to our codes, the term “ advancements ” was applied to gifts by a parent (in his lifetime) to a child, of the whole or a part of what it is supposed the child would inherit from the parent; sometimes, also, to such gifts by one standing in loco parentis. By the Civil Code, the term is extended so as to include like gifts by an ancestor to a child, “ or other lineal descendant.” (Civ. Code, secs. 1395-1399.)

It may be conceded, as claimed by respondents, that the word is not employed in item 6 as in the provisions of the Civil Code. It by no means follows, however, that the testator intended the word to embrace any legacy to one of the same persons which he might give by a subsequent testamentary instrument not revocatory of the will in which the word is found.

Webster gives as definitions of advancement, “ the payment of money in advance; money paid in advance.” A payment in advance implies a payment beforehand,—before an equivalent is received, or before the happening of an event in the contemplation of the parties to a contract. When used in a will, unless another event is mentioned prior to which the advance is to be made, or the context otherwise indicates a different meaning, the words “ payments in advance, to be applied in satisfaction of a legacy,” import payments prior to the happening of the event on which the will is to take effect, to wit, the death of the testator.

*133 Counsel for respondents cite Professor Pomeroy’s work on Equity Jurisprudence as authority for the proposition that the legacy to appellant in the Eottweil will was an advancement within the meaning of the word as used in the California will. The learned writer, speaking of the effect of a legacy in a will made after a settlement on a child, says: “ The settlement or agreement to give a portion may sometimes contain a provision to this effect: that if the parent should afterward, during his lifetime, make an advancement to the donee, such advancement should be a complete or partial satisfaction of the portion. If, instead of making a technical advancement, the parent should afterward, by his will, leave a legacy or a residue, the legacy given under such circumstances is held to be a compliance with the provision, and to operate as a satisfaction in full or in part of the portion.” (1 Eq. Jur., sec. 567.) He cites in a note Onslow v. Mitchell, 18 Ves. 490; Noel v. Lord Walsingham, 2 Sim. & S. 99; Fazakerly v. Gillebrand, 6 Sim. 491; Papillon v. Papillon, 11 Sim. 642.

We have not had access to the Irish report, but it would seem the English cases, although they appear to do so, when examined and explained do not support the text. (See Cooper v. Cooper, L. R. 8 Ch. App. 825, 826.)

However this may be, Mr. Pomeroy shows very clearly in another place that the doctrine of presumptions, applicable with respect to the dealings of a parent as to a child, has no place in cases like the present. (1 Eq. Jur., sec. 548.)

Lord Eomilly, M. E., said: “ It is of parmount importance to consider in all cases .... whether the doctrine of presumption against double portions, or the doctrine of construction of instruments, applies. .... If the original gift was to a stranger, the doctrine of satisfaction becomes. applicable according to the words of the original donor.” (L. E. 8 Oh. App. 819 , note.)

*134 In the case before us, the testator might have used language to indicate that by “advancement” he meant, not only a gift of money or property prior to his death, but also a subsequent bequest to a legatee named in the California will. But in the absence of such language, there is no presumption that he used the word in a sense differing both from its technical and popular signification. As it was not employed as a technical term, the presumption is, he employed it in the sense approved in general literature and by common usage. The language in immediate connection with “ advancements ” strengthens rather than weakens the hypothesis that the testator intended a gift in his lifetime,—“Any advancements that I may hereafter personally make,” etc.

It is true, a subsequent codicil would be made by him, and made by him in his lifetime. But the words, while apt and appropriate in respect to gifts consummated in his lifetime, are such as would not ordinarily or “ naturally ” be resorted to when the testator was speaking of gifts to take effect only on his death. In the latter case, the substance of the thing to be conferred would not be delivered by the testator personally, but by his executors after his decease.

The testimony of the witness called by the parties contesting the application of appellant and others (respondents) did not establish, or tend to establish, that the word “ advancements ” was used to designate or include any subsequent legacy to appellant. The witness said: —

The statement of decedent to witness, that “when he arrived from Germany” he intended “to give” or “distribute ” some money to or among such of his relatives there as might need it, accords at least as well with a purpose to make presents to such relatives personally as with an intention to make different and substitutionary testamentary provision for such of them as he had named in his will. It is significant that in terms he expressed no intention of providing for his relatives in Germany by supplemental will or codicil. There is no suggestion in the testimony of Taft that deceased entertained such intention. It cannot be derived from the word “ distribute,” a word appropriately applicable to an allotment or division of money among the German relatives by the testator in his lifetime.

Our conclusion is, that when the California will was made and published, the deceased intended that the legacies mentioned in item 6 should be reduced only by actual payments made by himself personally; that is, in his lifetime.

*136 The evidence shows that the decedent took with him when he left for Europe about thirty-five thousand dollars, and that he afterward wrote for, and there was sent him by his agent, the witness Taft, one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars. Decedent wrote for the last sum at Nice, December 22, 1883, but in his letter stated that he had already directed his agent to send him “ every two or three months all the cash on hand.”

The court below found that Taft, testator’s agent, sent the one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars from San Francisco on the sixteenth day of January, 1884, and . that on the 23d of the same month he sent another sum .of five thousand dollars. When the California will was made and published, the testator intended that any sum of money he might personally give to the persons named . in item 6 should be deducted from the legacy to such persons. His language proves, at least, that he then contemplated the probability of such advances. Neither the fact that the decedent caused very large sums of money to be placed in Europe, nor his letter of December 22,1883, indicates any change of his original purpose to make gifts or advances personally to some of those mentioned in item 6.

Can we say his intention was changed or modified prior to the making of the Rottweil will?

“Although two bequests may be made to the same person, and although these bequests may differ in their amounts, incidents, and forms, .... still the special language used by the testator in making the second gift, or the language found in other parts of the will, may sufficiently show his intention to give the second legacy for or in satisfaction of the prior one.....It is impossible to lay down any general rule governing such cases; each case must stand upon its own circumstances. The question is, then, simply one of interpretation in order to ascertain the real intent of the testator. But in arriving at this intent, the court will if necessary look *137 at all parts of the will. The court may also be called upon to interpret the testamentary language rather than to apply any rule of presumption when the second instrument,—e. g., the codicil—expressly refers to the former one. The terms of the second instrument—perhaps codicil— may be such, when all taken together, as to show an intent that the second gift was to be in substitution or in satisfaction, and not cumulative.” (1 Pomeroy’s Eq. Jur., sec. 548.)

Paragraph 1 of the Rottweil will reads: “I have already disposed by testament of my estate in California. That testamentary disposition shall remain unchanged, and I again ratify the same.” And in paragraph 7, the testator confirms all bequests which he had already made, and declares that any testamentary papers subscribed by him shall have the same effect “ as if they were here incorporated.”

The two instruments are therefore to be read as one writing; the whole expressing the intent of the testator at the date of the Rottweil will,—so far as his intent appears from the writing,—with regard to the disposition of his property.

There may be some significance in the circumstance that, after a large amount of money had been sent to him, which he might, perhaps, have given to or distributed among his relations “ personally,” the testator did not make such personal donations, but proceeded to prepare a codicil wherein he inserted bequests to some of the persons named in item 6. This fact, however, if it can be considered at all, should have little weight in any inquiry the purpose of which is to ascertain whether the testator then, at Rottweil, intended that the term “ advancements ” should include the second legacies. The suggestion is but conjectural that he may have meant what his language does not imply. It is as easy to suppose the testator changed his mind, and decided to give to some of those named in item 6 *138 further and cumulative bequests out of the moneys sent to Europe, as that he determined such further bequests should be treated as “ advancements.”

■ We may conjecture that finding himself growing more ill, his decease perhaps imminent, and believing he would not be able “personally” to distribute the moneys, he concluded to make the advancements by new bequests. On the other hand, we may conjecture that, returning after long absence to companionship with some of his earlier friends, to whom he was connected by the ties of kindred, his surroundings recalling in his old age the home of his childhood, and all its endearing associations, he may have decided to make provision for some of his relatives in addition to that made by the California will. But all such surmises are more or less fanciful, since they are not based upon the language of the instruments, and are built on presumptions rather than evidence,—presumptions of facts from which different inferences may be drawn, as prominence is given to some or the other of them.

By paragraph 7 of the Rottweil will the California will is to be treated as “ incorporated ” in the former. Item 6 of the California will contains the provision: “Any advancement that I may hereafter personally make [to the legatees named in the item] shall b'é deemed a partial satisfaction,” etc. Not only did the testator fail to declare, in express term in the Rottweil will, that the legacies therein given to those named in item 6, should satisfy, in whole or in part, the former bequests, but it may have said he reaffirmed his desire that those bequests should be reduced only by advancements he might “ hereafter personally make.” The force of this suggestion is, however, by no means conclusive. When it is said that the two instruments are to be read as one, it is not to be assumed that literal effect is to be given to every clause of both. This may not be possible without violating the reasonable rules of interpretation applicable to every writing. If it *139 satisfactorily appear—from other portions of the wills— that the Eottweil legacies were intended to satisfy, fully or pro tanto, those given in item 6, the provision in that item as to advancements may be disregarded; or the language used at Eottweil, read with the first will, may show that—whatever its meaning disconnected from the Eottweil will—the testator, at the time the Eottweil will was made, intended the word “ advancements ” to cover the Eottweil legacies.

In paragraph 1 of the will or codicil made at Eottweil the testator declares: “ I have already disposed by testament of my estate in California. That testamentary disposition shall remain unchanged, and I again ratify the same.” The bank stock was part of the estate in California, and so far as appears on the face of the instrument, the whole purport and intent of the Eottweil will was to make disposition of the moneys he had arranged to have sent to “ Germany or Wurtemburg.” In paragraph 2, immediately after ratifying the disposition of the California will, the testator says: “ However, I have already made arrangements to have a sum of money sent from California to a bank in Germany or Wurtemburg, of which I shall dispose in favor of other relatives. The following sums of money shall be paid.” He then proceeds to bequeath sums to relatives residing in Germany, some of whom were given legacies by item 6 from his “ estate in California,” and some of whom were not mentioned in the California will.

We find nothing to indicate that the legacies given to such of the donees as were mentioned in item 6 were not to be additional or cumulative unless it be in the expression “ of which I shall dispose in favor of other relatives.” Now, the sums given by the testamentary instrument executed at Eottweil to Mathilde Zeile, testator’s sister, and to his niece, the appellant, were given absolutely. Whether they were intended as “ advancements” or not, the right to them (subject to administra *140 tion) vested unconditionally on t-he death of Frederick Zeile, except so far as the rights of those named in item 6 of the California will might be limited by the happening of the unexpected contingency spoken of in paragraph 4 of the Eottweil will. Whenever the second legacy is regarded as substitutionary and not as cumulative, the satisfaction of the prior legacy—to the extent of the second — is absolute; the former legacy — to that extent—creating no right in the legatee, there is no claim of an election between the two on his part.

When, therefore, the testator proposed to dispose of the moneys sent to Europe to “ other relatives,” he could not have intended to exclude from his bounty those to whom it was expressly extended. Yet some of those to whom legacies were given by the Eottweil will were not named in item 6 of the California will. Those werfe the other relatives, and the clause can only be read as intended to give legacies, from the sums sent to Europe, as well as to those to whom donations were made by item 6 as to the “ other relatives ” mentioned.

In paragraph 4 of the Eottweil instrument the testator provided for an event which he regarded as possible, although not probable, and which never came to pass. If, unexpectedly, the funds in Germany should be insufficient to pay the sums in paragraph 2, the heirs of the estate in California were to make up the deficiency. In paragraph 5 he applied the word “ heirs ” to legatees. But if in paragraph 4 he intended to include in the word “heirs” all the devisees and legatees named in the California will, there is nothing in the language which indicates his purpose that the bequest in paragraph 2, or the residuary interests given by the Eottweil instrument, should be “ advancements” in satisfaction of the legacies of the item 6 of the California will.

Starting, then, with the presumption that the second legacy to appellant was intended to be cumulative, unless the language used by the testator, shows it was to be *141 in substitution, does the language of the testator overcome this presumption ? As we have attempted to show, the term “ advancements ” does not of itself, either in its technical or in any popular sense, cover a subsequent legacy; and after a careful examination of the language of the two instruments published at Rottweil, we have been unable to discover therein an intention upon the part of the testator that the word should bear such peculiar signification as that its scope should include the Rottweil legacies, or any intention that those legacies should satisfy, in whole or in part, the bequests of the proceeds of the bank stock.

Judgment and order reversed, and a new trial granted to appellant Marie M. Hummel.

Temple, J., and Paterson, J. concurred.

Hearing in Bank denied.