Constitutional Law—Wright Act—Irrigation Districts.—The act of March 7, 1887, to provide for the organization and government of irrigation districts, etc., commonly known as the Wright Act, is within the power of the legislature to enact; and its provisions for the organization of such districts, and regulating the mode for assessments upon the lands therein with which to meet the bonds authorized by the act, are constitutional and valid.

Id.—Presumption as to Legislative Power. — The presumption which attends every act of the legislature is, that it is within its power; and he who would except it from the power must point out the particular provision of the constitution by which the exception is made, or demonstrate that it is palpably excluded from any consideration whatever by that body.

Id. — Extent of Legislative Power. — The legislature is vested with the whole of the legislative power of the state, and may deal with any subject within the scope of civil government, except so far as it is restrained by the provisions of the constitution, and is the sole tribunal to determine as well the expediency as the details of all legislation within its power.

Id.—Power of Judiciary — Doubtful Legislation — Public Welfare. — Though the courts may investigate whether an act is palpably for private rather than for public benefit, yet if the subject-matter of the legislation be of such a nature that there is any doubt of its character, or if by any possibility the legislation may be for the welfare of the public, the will of the legislature must prevail over the doubts of the court.

Id. — Incidental Advantages to Individuals. — Whenever it appears from the scope of an act that its object is for the benefit of the public, and that the means by which the benefit is to be attained are of a public character, the act will be upheld, notwithstanding incidental advantages may accrue to individuals beyond those enjoyed by the general public.

Id.—Local Public Improvement — Local Taxation.—The legislature may provide for a local public improvement for the benefit of a portion of the state, and may tax all land within a limited district to be benefited by such .mprovements, notwithstanding some of the property within the district will not receive any benefit, and notwithstanding some property taxed outside of the district may be incidentally benefited.

Id.—Public Corporations — General Laws.—The legislature may by general laws authorize the inhabitants of any district, under such restrictions and with such preliminary steps as it may deem proper, to organize themselves into a public corporation for governmental purposes, and such public corporations need not be required to be formed in the same manner or provided with the same powers as municipal corporations of a different class.

Id. — Classification pf Municipal Corporations. —The municipal corporations which may be created under the constitution are not limited to cities and towns; but the legislature may by general laws classify and provide for as many species of municipal corporations as, in its judgment, are demanded by the welfare of the state, and commit to each class such powers only as are peculiarly appropriate thereto.

Id. — Irrigation District—Public Corporation.—An irrigation district organized under the Wright Act becomes a public corporation, and its officers become public officers of the state.

Id.—Discretion of Legislature — Mode of Forming Irrigation District— Rights of Land-owners.—It is within the discretion of the legislature to determine the mode in which an irrigation district shall be formed, and the judiciary cannot question the policy or prudence of the law as it has been enacted; and it is no valid objection that the organization may be compelled by persons not interested in the lands affected thereby, or that the act makes no provision for a hearing from the owners of the land prior to the organization of the district.

Id. — Due Process of Law—Lien of Assessment.—The property of a land-owner within an irrigation district is not taken from him without due process of law, if he is allowed a hearing at any time before the lien of an assessment for taxes levied thereon becomes final.

Id.—Power of Taxation.—The power of the legislature in matters of taxation is unlimited, except as restricted by constitutional provisions, and extends to the providing of assessments for local improvements, upon any basis of apportionment which the legislature may select; and the apportionment does not depend upon the fact of any special local benefit to the tax-payer.

Id. — Indebtedness of Public Corporations. — The provision of article XI., section 18, of the constitution, prohibiting certain public corporations from incurring indebtedness without the assent of two thirds of the qualified electors thereof voting at an election to be held for that purpose, is limited to the corporations specified in that section, and does not apply to irrigation districts, nor render the Wright Act unconstitutional. With respect to such other corporations as under the provisions of section 6 the legislature may by general laws authorize to be incorporated, the constitution has left to the legislature power to provide the terms and conditions upon which an indebtedness may be created, as well as its amount.

Id.—Inclusion of Municipal Corporation in Irrigation District.—» The fact that a town or city which has been incorporated may be included within the boundaries of an irrigation district organized under the Wright Act neither renders the act unconstitutional nor invalidates the organization of the district.

Organization of Irrigation District — Defective Bond.— Where an informal bond presented with the petition for organization of an irrigation district is not invalid, and binds those who signed it, the determination of its sufficiency by the board of supervisors is conclusive.

Id. — Petition — Description of Boundaries. — The provision in the statute that the petition for organization of an irrigation district shall particularly set forth and describe the boundaries does not require them to be set forth with more particularity than would be necessary in an act of the legislature creating a political district or a municipal corporation; and where it does not appear that the boundaries given in the petition are so indefinite that the district cannot be definitely located, or that they fail to embrace a distinct and definite territory, the supervisors are not prevented from acquiring jurisdiction to authorise the organization of the district.

Id. — Confirmation Proceeding — Evidence — Execution of Petition — Recital in Records of Supervisors. — In a proceeding for confirma- ■ tion of the organization of an irrigation district and of an order for the issue and sale of its bonds, where the organization is controverted by the answer, it is necessary for the directors of the district to make proof to the court, under the ordinary rules of evidence, that a petition was presented to the supervisors, signed by fifty or a majority of freeholders owning lands within the proposed district; and the execution of such petition cannot be proved by recital in the records of the board of supervisors, nor can the petition itself be properly received in evidence without proof of its execution, and that the signers were freeholders of the district.

Id. —• Form of Bonds — Order for Issuance. — The bonds to be issued by an irrigation district should be in such form that each bond will be payable in installments of such percentage in each year as is designated in the statute; and an order for their issuance making that percentage of the entire issue of the bonds payable in the designated years is not in compliance with the statute, though it does not invalidate the pro" ceedings had for the issuance of the bonds, which should be issued in the form prescribed by the statute.

Id.—Judgment of Confirmation — Injunction.—The judgment of confirmation cannot properly include an injunction debarring all persons interested in the organization of the district from disputing, denying, or disclaiming any facts which might have been disputed in the proceeding.