Appeal from a judgment taken within sixty days after its rendition.

The action is to recover tolls claimed to be due from defendant for passing over plaintiff’s alleged toll-road. The validity of the franchise is questioned.

An act of the legislature of this state, passed April 8, 1863, granted to certain persons named, to be incorporated as “ Silver Mountain Turnpike Company,” a franchise to construct and maintain a toll-road from a point in Calaveras County to a point then in Mono County, now Alpine, — the franchise to continue for twenty years, *82 —tolls to be fixed by the supervisors of the county of Calaveras.

The record contains no direct evidence that the persons named, or their assigns, or the corporation, ever constructed the road under this act. The plaintiff, however, testified: “I have been on this road twenty-seven years. It has been a toll-road for the use of the public ever since that time. It has been a toll-road ever since 3862. This is the same road referred to in the act of the legislature of this state of April 8, 1888. People have traveled over this road both in Calaveras County and in Alpine County ever since then by paying tolls.”

The road was known as the Big Tree and Carson toll-road, and the court finds from the above evidence that it is the road referred to in the act of the legislature.

On the seventh day of April, 1887, the board of supervisors of the county of Calaveras passed the following ordinance:—■

Bates of toll were fixed, and plaintiff proceeded to collect tolls at Bear Valley station, which was in Alpine County. No toll-gate had been authorized by the board in Calaveras County.

May 7,1890, the board of supervisors passed the following order: —

The court found that the road in question was a free public, road, and that the ordinance granting the franchise to plaintiff, and the order authorizing a toll-gate at Gardner’s, were void.

The appellant claims, — 1. That the evidence does not show that the road was a free public road, but, on the contrary, that it was a private toll-road, belonging to him; 2. If it were a free public road, still the ordinance and order are valid; and 3. The ordinance is conclusive, and the court cannot go behind it to inquire whether the requisite facts to authorize the board to grant the franchise existed or not.

If the appellant can be regarded, under the evidence, as the successor of the beneficiaries of the act of the legislature, the answer to the first proposition is easy. By limitation the franchise expired in twenty years, and the road became a free public highway. (Pol. Code, sec. 2619.)

This provision of the code, and the status of the road after the expiration of the franchise, was fully considered in People v. Davidson, 79 Cal. 166 .

But the appellant contends that it was not shown that the persons or the company named in the act, or their assigns, ever constructed the road authorized by that act, or that he was the assignee of such persons, or ever collected toll under that franchise.

He testifies that the road, is the road authorized by *84 that act. That ever since the passage of that act, the public has been using the road, paying tolls for so doing, and that he has been there collecting tolls for twenty-seven years. In other words, he has been in possession, claiming to own this franchise, and has enjoyed the benefit of it. Although the record is silent on that point, we must conclude that he has had the rates of toll fixed by the board, and toll-gates authorized. We cannot presume that he has demanded and received, for all these years, tolls as a wrong-doer. In fact, in his evidence and in his specifications, he claims that the road was a toll-road. It could only be made so by a grant of a franchise from some source. Such a grant is shown, and as there is no claim that there, was any other, we must conclude that the appellant claimed the right to collect tolls under that franchise. He certainly enjoyed the benefit of it, and cannot now escape the conditions of the franchise under the claim that his title was bad, and all his acts.illegal and wrongful.

But the same consequence would follow, if he could escape the conditions of the grant of the franchise by showing that his title was bad. In People v. Davidson, 79 Cal. 166 , it was held that the fact that tolls are demanded, and that the public uses the road only upon condition of paying tolls, does not affect the question of dedication. There is the offer of the land to the public, and an acceptance of the offer. That portion of the road which was in Calaveras County, up to 1890, had not only been used as a public road, but as a free public road, by all who did not travel as far as Bear Valley in Alpine County. The defendant and his neighbors had had the free use of it. If plaintiff had no franchise; there was nothing to connect it with his road in Alpine County. It was a road thrown open to the public, and accepted and used by it. These acts would constitute a dedication.

This brings us to the question, conceding that it had become a free public road, Could the board grant to plaintiff a franchise to collect tolls thereon?

*85 To establish his position, appellant points out that prior to the passage of the County Government Act, subdivision 4 of section 4046 of the Political Code, authorized boards of supervisors to lay out and control public roads, turnpikes, etc., and in subdivision 17 of section 4046, to grant licenses and franchises as provided by law for constructing, keeping, and taking tolls on roads, etc.

These provisions were re-enacted in the County Government Act in 1883. This act was amended in 1889. (Stats. 1889, p. 233.) Subdivision 4 of section 25 of this act reads: —

These general statements, grouping and to some extent defining the power of the board, cannot be held to place the board above the procedure elsewhere prescribed, which often very materially limits the jurisdiction and power apparently conferred by this general language, and in the amendment to the county government act, above quoted, the power is expressly limited and restricted.

Turning now to the provisions as to toll-roads, we find, commencing with section 2779 of the Political Code, a chapter with reference to toll-roads. Article 1 is entitled: “ Construction of toll-roads.” And the first section in the chapter prescribes a procedure where the company requires the use of the power of eminent domain.

It will be seen that the board must appoint commissioners to lay out the road, and that they control the location.

Section 2789, in this chapter, prescribes what shall be done where the company has no occasion to condemn lands. Then follow many provisions in regard to con *86 struction and management, erection of bridges, tollgates, etc. To a large extent these roads are placed under the control of the board of supervisors.

In the Civil Code, commencing with section 512, are provisions defining, even more minutely, what shall be done to establish toll-roads.

Toll-roads are public roads, as much so as free public highways, and the statute relied upon by appellant confers the power to manage and control them upon boards of supervisors, as public roads.

The public roads, therefore, upon which the board may regulate the collection of tolls, are the roads so constructed, and the mode in which the board must exercise the power to grant such franchises is' prescribed by" the statutes and procedure alluded to.

Appellant relies for authority upon People v. Davidson, 79 Cal. 166 . There was no such question before the court in that case. It was not claimed that the road, before the granting of the franchise, was a public highway. The only questions discussed, as stated by the court itself, were, whether the use by the public of the road upon condition of paying tolls amounted to a dedication, and whether, when the franchise defendant claimed had expired, the road became a free public road. So far as these two questions are concerned, I have based this decision largely upon that case. Nothing further was there decided.

That the board of supervisors has no authority to grant a franchise to collect tolls upon a free public highway was expressly held in El Dorado County v. Davison, 30 Cal. 521 .

Does the fact that the board has attempted to grant a franchise to collect tolls imply that the board has decided that the road is not a free public highway, but is a toll-road within the meaning of this opinion? and if so, is that conclusion one that can be questioned collaterally?

The granting of a franchise is a legislative act. It is the use of delegated power, and the board cannot exceed *87 its authority. No case has been cited, and I know of none, in which the right to inquire whether the power has been used upon a subject-matter not within the grant of power has been questioned, in whatever form it becomes material. In cases where the right to exercise the power depends upon the existence of some fact which the board may or may not be authorized to determine, the board, as to such preliminary matter, acts in a capacity somewhat different. Whether courts can go behind such a conclusion has been and perhaps is a vexed question. But it is not involved here. No such authority is given the board, and the point is, that the act is not within the authority delegated to the board, and could not be done under any circumstances.

The act of accepting a road as one constructed under the authority of the code, and of fixing tolls, is to some extent a judicial act. But I see nothing in this which can preclude inquiry. To give these acts that effect would enable the board to do an act wholly outside of its authority, and then by a subsequent assertion place it beyond question. Certainly this cannot be done. The cases cited by appellant have no bearing upon the question.

It is not necessary that the board of supervisors should cause a road to be recorded as such, to render a strip of land dedicated to the public as a public road a legal public highway.

I think the judgment should be affirmed.

Vanclief, 0., and Belcher, 0., concurred.

The Court. For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion, the judgment is affirmed.