— Proceeding to revoke the probate of the will of the deceased.

The bill of exceptions shows that the matter was submitted to the court on the following stipulation as to the facts:—

From these facts the court concluded “that said document is not subscribed at the end thereof by the testatrix herself, nor did any one, in the presence of the testatrix, and by her direction, subscribe the name of the testatrix thereto,” and accordingly revoked its former orders admitting the document to probate and appointing an administratrix.

From these orders revoking the probate and the appointment of an administratrix, the proponents and .administratrix bring this appeal.

As to what amounts to a “signing” by a testator un *600 der the statute of 29 Carolus II., it is said, in Jarman on Wills (p. 201): “It has been decided that a mark is sufficient, and that notwithstanding the testator is able to write, and though his name does not appear on the face of the will.” To the same effect is section 303 of Schouler on Wills, citing American cases.

Section 14 of the Civil Code provides that “ ‘signature’ or ‘ subscription ’ includes mark, when the person cannot write, his name being written near it, and written by a person who writes his own name as a witness.”

In this case the whole body of the will, including the name of the testatrix, was written by Emma Endres, who signed as a witness. If the mark can be regarded as Subscription by the testatrix, the execution of the will was in perfect accordance with section 1276 of the Civil Code.

It is contended, however, by counsel for respondents, that the name of the testatrix, which appears in the body of the will, is not “ near ” the mark, and therefore that the use of the mark to represent her name was not authorized.

The only conceivable object of requiring the name to be written “ near” the mark is to show w’hat name the mark is intended to represent. In this case, it clearly appears that the mark was intended to represent the name of the testatrix. It is therefore near enough to her name, as written in the body of the will, to satisfy the requirement of section 14 of the Civil Code.

It is further contended that the mark was unauthorized, because the testatrix knew how to write, though she was physically unable to do so; and from an extract from the opinion of the learned judge who decided the case, copied into respondents’ brief, it would appear that the decision rested upon this ground. The extract is as follows: “In the case at bar, it is especially proper to enforce the strict letter of the law, as it appears that the proposed paper was written, and witnessed, and marked as and for the act of a woman who could write, but who was too ill to even write her name. Wills executed *601 under such conditions are presumably the wills of persons other than the one then actually dying.”

If the presumption mentioned should be indulged ir. any case, it surely cannot apply to this case, since there is no allegation of fraud, and no question that the testatrix was of sound and disposing mind at the time she made her mark and declared the instrument to be her will.

Persons who know how to write may become physically incapable of writing their names by reason of rheumatism or paralysis of the hands, and other causes, besides general physical debility, though of sound mind; and it seems unreasonable that the legislature intended to exclude all such persons from the privilege of subscribing a will or other instrument by a mark. The language of the code is, “ when the person cannot write. ” This fairly includes all persons who are unable to write from any cause, even though they know howr to, write.

I think the orders appealed from should be reversed.

Belcher, C., and Foote, C., concurred.

For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion, the orders appealed from are reversed.

McFarland, J., De Haven, J., Sharpstein, J.

Hearing in Bank denied.